Amylase: Difference between revisions

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=Industrial Uses=
=Industrial Uses=
α-Amylase is used extensively in various industrial processes. In textile weaving, starch is added for warping.  After weaving, the starch is removed by ''Bacillus subtilis'' α-amylase<ref name="book"/>.  Dextrin, which is a viscosity improver, filler, or ingredient of food, is manufactured by the liquefaction of starch by bacteria α-amylase<ref name="book"/>. Bacterial α-amylases of ''B.subtilis'', or ''B.licheniformis'' are used for the initial starch liquefaction in producing high conversion glucose syrup<ref name="book"/>. Pancreatitis can be tested by determining the level of amylases in the blood, a result of damaged amylase-producing cells, or excretion due to renal failure<ref>PMID: 16286272 </ref>. α-Amylase is used for the production of malt, as the enzyme is produced during the germination of cereal grains<ref name="book"/>.
α-Amylase is used extensively in various industrial processes. In textile weaving, starch is added for warping.  After weaving, the starch is removed by ''Bacillus subtilis'' α-amylase<ref name="book"/>.  Dextrin, which is a viscosity improver, filler, or ingredient of food, is manufactured by the liquefaction of starch by bacteria α-amylase<ref name="book"/>. Bacterial α-amylases of ''B.subtilis'', or ''B.licheniformis'' are used for the initial starch liquefaction in producing high conversion glucose syrup<ref name="book"/>. Pancreatitis can be tested by determining the level of amylases in the blood, a result of damaged amylase-producing cells, or excretion due to renal failure<ref>PMID: 16286272 </ref>. α-Amylase is used for the production of malt, as the enzyme is produced during the germination of cereal grains<ref name="book"/>.
===Alpha-amylase===
[[3ij7]], [[1xv8]], [[1c8q]], [[1bsi]], [[1smd]], [[1hny]] – hAAM – human
[[1xgz]], [[1q4n]], [[1kb3]], [[1kbb]], [[1kbk]], [[1kgu]], [[1kgw]], [[1kgx]], [[1jxj]], [[1jxk]], [[2cpu]] - hAAM (mutant)
[[3n8t]] – TkAAM – Thermococcus kodakarensis
[[3k8k]] – BtAAM – Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron
[[3kwx]], [[2guy]] – AoAAM – Aspergilluys oryzae
[[2wpg]] – AAM – Xanthomonas campestris
[[2wc7]], [[2wcs]], [[2wkg]] – AAM catalytic region – Cyanobacterium
[[3bh4]] – BaAAM – Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
[[1e3x]], [[1e43]] – BaAAM chimera
[[1ht6]], [[1amy]] - bAAM – barley
[[3bsg]] – bAAM (mutant)
[[3dhu]] – AAM – Lactobacillus plantarum
[[3dc0]] – AAM – Bacillus KR8104
[[3bcf]], [[1wza]] – HoAAM – Halothermothrix orenii
[[2die]], [[1wp6]] – AAM alkaline – Bacillus sp.
[[1ud2]], [[1ud4]], [[1ud5]], [[1ud6]], [[1ud8]] - AAM – Bacillus sp. KSM-K38
[[1ud3]] – AAM (mutant) – Bacillus sp. KSM-K38
[[2gjr]] – BhAAM – Bacillus halmapalus
[[2b5d]] – AAM – Thermotoga maritime
[[2c3g]], [[2c3v]] – BhaloAAM – Bacillus halodurans
[[1ji1]], [[1ji2]], [[1bvz]] - TvAAM – Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
[[1wzk]], [[1wzl]], [[1wzm]], [[1izj]], [[1izk]], [[1jf5]], [[1jf6]] – TvAAM (mutant)
[[1mwo]], [[1mxd]] – PwAAM – Pyrococcus woesei
[[1ob0]], [[1bli]] - BlAAM (mutant) – Bacillus licheniformis
[[1vjs]] – BlAAM precursor
[[1b0i]], [[1aqm]], [[1aqh]] – PhAAM - Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis
[[1jd7]], [[1jd9]] - PhAAM (mutant)
[[1g5a]] – NpAAM – Neisseria polysaccharea
[[1hvx]] - BaAAM – Bacillus stearothermophilus
[[1qho]] – GsAAM – Geobacillus stearothermophilus
[[1jae]] – TmAAM – Tenebrio molitor
[[1pif]] – pAAM – pig
[[6taa]], [[2aaa]] - AoAAM – Aspergillus oryzae
AAM binary complexes
[[1xd0]], [[1xd1]], [[1cpu]], [[1jfh]] - hAAM + saccharide<br />
[[1b2y]], [[1xcw]], [[1xcx]] - hAAM + acarbose<br />
[[3blk]], [[3blp]], [[1z32]], [[1nm9]], [[1mfu]], [[1mfv]], [[3cpu]] - hAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
[[3dhp]], [[1xh0]], [[1xh2]] - hAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
[[3ij8]], [[3ij9]] – hAAM catalytic intermediate
[[2qmk]], [[3bai]] – hAAM + NO2
[[3baw]] – hAAM + N3
[[3bax]] - hAAM (mutant) + N3
[[3bak]] – hAAM (mutant) + NO3
[[1xh1]] - hAAM (mutant) + Cl
[[2qv4]], [[3baj]], [[3bay]] - hAAM + acarbose + NO2
[[3old]], [[3ole]], [[3olg]], [[3oli]] – hAAM + statin
[[1u2y]], [[1u30]], [[1u33]] – hAAM + inhibitor
[[3n92]], [[3n98]] – TkAAM + saccharide<br />
[[3l2l]], [[3l2m]], [[1vah]], [[1wo2]], [[1ua3]], [[1pig]], [[1ppi]] - pAAM + saccharide<br />
[[1hx0]] – pAAM + acarbose<br />
[[1kxq]], [[1kxt]], [[1kxv]] – pAAM + antibody VHH fragment
[[1bvn]], [[1dhk]] – pAAM + protein inhibitor
[[1ose]] – pAAM + acarbose<br />
[[3k8l]] - BtAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
[[3k8m]] - BtAAM + acarbose<br />
[[2d2o]], [[1jl8]], [[1jib]] - TvAAM + saccharide<br />
[[3a6o]] – TvAAM + acarbose<br />
[[2d0f]], [[2d0g]], [[2d0h]], [[1vb9]], [[1vfm]], [[1vfo]], [[1vfu]], [[1uh2]], [[1uh4]] - TvAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
[[1uh3]] - TvAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
[[1ava]] – bAAM + protein inhibitor
[[1bg9]], [[1rpk]] - bAAM + acarbose<br />
[[1p6w]] – bAAM + substrate analog
[[1rp8]], [[1b1y]], [[1rp9]] - bAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
[[3bsh]], [[2qpu]], [[2qps]] - bAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
[[3bcd]] - HoAAM + saccharide<br />
[[3bc9]] - HoAAM + acarbose<br />
[[2gjp]], [[1w9x]] - BhAAM + saccharide<br />
[[2gvy]] - AoAAM + saccharide<br />
[[1zs2]], [[1s46]], [[1mvy]], [[1mw0]], [[1mw1]], [[1mw2]], [[1mw3]] - NpAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
[[1bag]] - BsAAM + saccharide – Bacillus subtilis
[[1ua7]] – BsAAM + acarbose<br />
[[2d3l]], [[2d3n]] - BacAAM + saccharide – Bacillus
[[2c3h]], [[2c3w]], [[2c3x]] - BhaloAAM + saccharide<br />
[[1mxg]] - PwAAM + acarbose<br />
[[1g9h]], [[1g94]] - PhAAM + saccharide<br />
[[1kxh]] - PhAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
[[1l0p]] – PhAAM + NO3
[[1e40]] – BaAAM chimera + saccharide<br />
[[1e3z]] - BaAAM chimera + acarbose<br />
[[1fa2]] - AAM + saccharide – Sweet potato
[[1qhp]] - GsAAM + saccharide<br />
[[1clv]], [[1viw]], [[1tmq]] – TmAAM + protein inhibitor
[[1gah]], [[1gai]] – AaAAM + acarbose – Aspergillus awamori
[[3gly]], [[1agm]], [[1glm]] – AaAAM + saccharide<br />
===Pullulanase alpha-amylase===
[[2wan]] – AAM – Bacillus acidopullululyticus
[[2fgz]] – KaAAM – Klebsiella aerogenes
[[2e8y]] - BsAAM – Bacillus subtilis
Pullulanase alpha-amylase binary complexes
[[2fh6]], [[2fh8]], [[2fhb]], [[2fhc]], [[2fhf]] - KaAAM + saccharide<br />
[[3fax]] - AAM + saccharide – Streptococcus agalactiae
[[2e8z]], [[2e9b]] - BsAAM + saccharide<br />
[[1g1y]] - TvAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
===Beta-amylase===
[[2xfr]] – bBAM
[[1wdp]] – sBAM]] – soybean
[[2dqx]], [[1uko]], [[1ukp]] – sBAM (mutant)
[[1vem]], [[5bca]], [[1cqy]], [[1b90]] – BcBAM – Bacillus cereus
[[1ven]] - BcBAM (mutant)
Beta-amylase binary complexes
[[2xff]] – bBAM + acarbose<br />
[[2xfy]], [[2xg9]], [[2xgb]], [[2xgi]] – bBAM + inhibitor
[[1wdq]], [[1wdr]], [[1wds]], [[1v3h]], [[1v3i]], [[1q6d]], [[1q6e]], [[1q6f]], [[1q6g]] - sBAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
[[1q6c]], [[1bfn]], [[1bya]], [[1byb]], [[1byc]], [[1byd]], [[1btc]] - sBAM + saccharide<br />
[[1j0y]], [[1j0z]], [[1j10]], [[1j11]], [[1j12]], [[1j18]], [[1b9z]] - BcBAM + saccharide<br />
[[1veo]], [[1vep]], [[1itc]] - BcBAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
===Gamma-amylase===
[[1lf6]] – TtGAM – Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum
[[1lf9]] - TtGAM + acarbose<br />
===Maltohexaose-producing amylase===
[[1wp6]] - BacMAM
[[1wpc]] – BacMAM  + saccharide<br />
===Maltogenic amylase===
[[1gvi]], [[1sma]] – MAM – Thermus sp.
===Taka amylase===
[[2taa]] – AoTAM – Aspergillus oryzae
[[7taa]] – AoTAM + acarose


=References=
=References=
<references/>
<references/>
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