Sandbox 31

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Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox. Sandboxes 30-60 are reserved for use by Biochemistry 410 & 412 at Messiah College taught by Dr. Hannah Tims during Fall 2012 and Spring 2013. Papain (PDB ID #: 9pap) spinqualitylabelsall models Structure of HMG-CoA reductase (PDB entry 9pap) Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image   Print3D Introduction Papain is a cysteine hydrolase (EC 3.4.22.2) that is found naturally occurring in Papaya(Carica papaya). Papain is extracted from the latex, leaves and roots of the papaya tree. Papain is a protease commonly used for cell isolation, protein structural studies, cleaving antibodies, and various other research techniques. In addition to use in research, it is commonly used in industry to tenderize meats, remove skin from hides, and clean soft contact lenses. History Papain was first explorer back in 1873 by G.C. Roy, who studied papaya juice. Later, papain was extracted and named by Wertz and Bouchut who noticed it had proteolytic properties. Papain was the second enzyme to have it's structure determined by x-ray crystallography. Extensive research has be done on the structure and activity of papain and its Structure Papain is formed from a peptide that is 212 amino acids in length. It consists of 25% Alpha helices and 21% Beta Sheet. The structure also consists of three Disulfide bonds between Cysteine Residues. The disulfide bonds exist between Cys 63 and Cys 22, Cys 200 and Cys 153, and Cys 56 and Cys 95. Another important residue to the structure is Cysteine 25 which has a sulfhydryl group that plays a major role in the active site activity[[1]]. The Hydrophobic Residues in papain are primarily located toward the inside of the enzyme or paired by hydrophobic interactions with other hydrophobic residues to exclude water. The Polar Residues are located facing the exterior, in the active site, or paired with other charged residues. The charged and polar residues are hydrophilic therefore do not orient themselves to exclude water or solvent. The charged Termini face outward due to their hydrophilic nature. Active Site and Mechanism The active site of papain has a "Catalytic Triad"including CYS 25, HIS 159, and ASN 175. File:Papain2.jpg Inhibitors There are many inhibitors of cysteine proteases like papain, including antipain, cystatin, TextToBeDisplayed References https://dailyfitnessmagz.com/2011/03/papayas-nutrition-facts/ https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/metabolomics/enzyme-explorer/analytical-enzymes/papain.html https://peds.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/75.abstract https://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/remediatedSequence.do?structureId=9PAP