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==Human Dopamine D3 Receptor== | ==Human Dopamine D3 Receptor== | ||
<Structure load='3PBL' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with eticlopride' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> | <Structure load='3PBL' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with eticlopride' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Dopamine receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors that are important in the central nervous system. Dopamine receptors are involved in many neurological processes that comprise motivation, pleasure, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor skills. There are five subtype dopamine receptors, D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. The D3 receptor is a part of the D2-like family.<ref> | Dopamine receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors that are important in the central nervous system. Dopamine receptors are involved in many neurological processes that comprise motivation, pleasure, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor skills. There are five subtype dopamine receptors, D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. The D3 receptor is a part of the D2-like family.<ref>PMID:15148138.</ref> | ||
==Function== | ==Function== | ||
Human dopamine D3 receptor is a protein that is encoded by the dopamine receptor gene (DRD3).<ref>Le Coniat M, Sokoloff P, Hillion J, Martres MP, Giros B, Pilon C, Schwartz JC, Berger R (Oct 1991). "Chromosomal localization of the human D3 dopamine receptor gene". Hum Genet 87 (5): 618–20.</ref> The DRD3 gene codes for the D3 dopamine receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase through inhibitory G-proteins. G-protein coupled receptors are a family of transmembrane proteins that transmit chemical signals from outside the cell to cause changes inside of the cell. Adenylate cyclase is part of the G-protein receptor's signaling and catalyze the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP).<ref>Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.</ref> The D3 receptor is located in the brain, suggesting that it plays a role in cognitive and emotional functions.<ref>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. DRD3 dopamine receptor D3 [Homo sapiens]. 19 November 2011.</ref> The human dopamine D3 receptor is membrane-bound and scattered in the cytoplasm. Receptor stimulation causes internalization of the receptors at the perinuclear areas. This is followed by the spreading of the receptors to the membrane. DRD3 is also contained in lipid rafts of renal proximal tubule cells.<ref> | Human dopamine D3 receptor is a protein that is encoded by the dopamine receptor gene (DRD3).<ref>Le Coniat M, Sokoloff P, Hillion J, Martres MP, Giros B, Pilon C, Schwartz JC, Berger R (Oct 1991). "Chromosomal localization of the human D3 dopamine receptor gene". Hum Genet 87 (5): 618–20.</ref> The DRD3 gene codes for the D3 dopamine receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase through inhibitory G-proteins. G-protein coupled receptors are a family of transmembrane proteins that transmit chemical signals from outside the cell to cause changes inside of the cell. Adenylate cyclase is part of the G-protein receptor's signaling and catalyze the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP).<ref>Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.</ref> The D3 receptor is located in the brain, suggesting that it plays a role in cognitive and emotional functions.<ref>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. DRD3 dopamine receptor D3 [Homo sapiens]. 19 November 2011.</ref> The human dopamine D3 receptor is membrane-bound and scattered in the cytoplasm. Receptor stimulation causes internalization of the receptors at the perinuclear areas. This is followed by the spreading of the receptors to the membrane. DRD3 is also contained in lipid rafts of renal proximal tubule cells.<ref>PMID:19520868</ref> | ||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
Human dopamine D3 receptor is 64% helical and 1% beta sheet. The protein is composed of 20 helices and 3 beta sheet strands. The helices are made up of 312 residues, and the beta sheets are made up of 9 residues. The entire protein consists of 481 residues.<ref>http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3PBL</ref> Dopamine D3 receptors are greatly expressed in the Islands of Calleja, a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals, which is part of the limbic system. It is also found in the nucleus accumbens, a collection of neurons, and forms the main part of the ventral striatum.<ref> | Human dopamine D3 receptor is 64% helical and 1% beta sheet. The protein is composed of 20 helices and 3 beta sheet strands. The helices are made up of 312 residues, and the beta sheets are made up of 9 residues. The entire protein consists of 481 residues.<ref>http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3PBL</ref> Dopamine D3 receptors are greatly expressed in the Islands of Calleja, a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals, which is part of the limbic system. It is also found in the nucleus accumbens, a collection of neurons, and forms the main part of the ventral striatum.<ref>PMID:9473588</ref> | ||
[[Image:250px-Islands_of_Calleja_Rat.jpg|250px|left|thumb| Islands of Calleja of rat brain stained in blue.]] | [[Image:250px-Islands_of_Calleja_Rat.jpg|250px|left|thumb| Islands of Calleja of rat brain stained in blue.]] | ||
[[Image:250PX-~2.JPG|250px|left|thumb| Nucleus accumbens visible in red.]] | [[Image:250PX-~2.JPG|250px|left|thumb| Nucleus accumbens visible in red.]] | ||
