Sandbox Reserved 485: Difference between revisions
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The export of cargo into the cytoplasm typically involves RNA molecules that are synthesized in the nucleus but function in the cytoplasm. The receptor protein known as exportin binds to Ran-GTP within the nucleus to promote the recognition and binding of exportin to the nuclear export signals, NES, the is located on the RNA bound cargo protein. The exportin then mediates the transport of the complex through the nuclear pores | The export of cargo into the cytoplasm typically involves RNA molecules that are synthesized in the nucleus but function in the cytoplasm. The receptor protein known as exportin binds to Ran-GTP within the nucleus to promote the recognition and binding of exportin to the nuclear export signals, NES, the is located on the RNA bound cargo protein. The exportin then mediates the transport of the complex through the nuclear pores | ||
The key to the import and export of cargo material is dependent on the concentration of Ran-GTP. The concentration of Ran-GTP is maintained by guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, GEF, in the nucleus and a GTPase activating protein, GAP, in the cytosol. Cellular signals indicate the course of the Ran cycle and is especially significant while entering mitosis. | The key to the import and export of cargo material is dependent on the concentration of Ran-GTP. The concentration of Ran-GTP is maintained by guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, GEF, in the nucleus and a GTPase activating protein, GAP, in the cytosol. Cellular signals indicate the course of the Ran cycle and is especially significant while entering mitosis. <ref>http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/coordination-of-cell-cycle-events-by-ran-14428259</ref> | ||
===Regulation of Mitosis=== | ===Regulation of Mitosis=== | ||
Ran also serves a variety of other functions such as mediating DNA synthesis and advancements through a cell cycle. During prophase the RanGTP-RanGDP gradient from the nucleus to cytoplasm is high, resulting in th ebreakdown of the nuclear envelope. Nup358 and other Ran associated proteins are directed to the kinetochores to directthe attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes. RanGTP further activates the assembly of the spindle by releasing and activating the spindle assembly factors, NuMA and TPX2. | Ran also serves a variety of other functions such as mediating DNA synthesis and advancements through a cell cycle. During prophase the RanGTP-RanGDP gradient from the nucleus to cytoplasm is high, resulting in th ebreakdown of the nuclear envelope. Nup358 and other Ran associated proteins are directed to the kinetochores to directthe attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes. RanGTP further activates the assembly of the spindle by releasing and activating the spindle assembly factors, NuMA and TPX2. | ||
During telophase the RanGTP is hydrolyzed to reform the daughter nuclei's nuclear envelope. | During telophase the RanGTP is hydrolyzed to reform the daughter nuclei's nuclear envelope. <ref>http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/coordination-of-cell-cycle-events-by-ran-14428259</ref> | ||
Ran regulates these functions by directing the formation and organization of the microtubule complex. Ran-GTP promotes spindle assembly and the spindle fiber’s attachment to the chromosome. Ran is also involved in activating T cells and the reassembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosis. | Ran regulates these functions by directing the formation and organization of the microtubule complex. Ran-GTP promotes spindle assembly and the spindle fiber’s attachment to the chromosome. Ran is also involved in activating T cells and the reassembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosis. | ||
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It is obvious the importance Ran plays within the cell cycle. Defective Ran protein results in irregular reformation of the nuclear envelope, chromosome assembly and microtubule formation. Within the nucleus, malfunctions pertaining to factors associated with specific functions such as splicing and DNA replication These misregulations can result in tissue damage in immunodeficient disorders such as Celiac's disease<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864807/</ref> or X-linked neurodegenerative diseases such as Kennedy's disease. | It is obvious the importance Ran plays within the cell cycle. Defective Ran protein results in irregular reformation of the nuclear envelope, chromosome assembly and microtubule formation. Within the nucleus, malfunctions pertaining to factors associated with specific functions such as splicing and DNA replication These misregulations can result in tissue damage in immunodeficient disorders such as Celiac's disease<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864807/</ref> or X-linked neurodegenerative diseases such as Kennedy's disease. | ||
Further research is being conducted by Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation(WARF) to design an inhibitor specific to Ran. Their research hopes to fully understand Ran’s mechanisms and regulatory measures in nuclear transport, mitotic spindle assembly and translational regulation. | Further research is being conducted by Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation(WARF) to design an inhibitor specific to Ran. Their research hopes to fully understand Ran’s mechanisms and regulatory measures in nuclear transport, mitotic spindle assembly and translational regulation. <ref>http://www.warf.org/servlet/techsummary?ipnumber=P06152US </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
