Sandbox 719: Difference between revisions

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The replacement of Lys-70 by a Met (mutation K70M) lead to a green fluorescent protein, very close to GFP. The reason of this modification is that Lys residue interacts directly with the chromophore. In fact Lys-70 is certainly a charged residue and should interacts via a water molecule with the residues Glu-215 and Glu-148 of the chromophore. The replacement by the neutral residue Met make this interaction impossible. Mutation of Asn-42 (which should interacts with Gln-66) can be understood by the same way, and lead also to a green molecule.  
The replacement of Lys-70 by a Met (mutation K70M) lead to a green fluorescent protein, very close to GFP. The reason of this modification is that Lys residue interacts directly with the chromophore. In fact Lys-70 is certainly a charged residue and should interacts via a water molecule with the residues Glu-215 and Glu-148 of the chromophore. The replacement by the neutral residue Met make this interaction impossible. Mutation of Asn-42 (which should interacts with Gln-66) can be understood by the same way, and lead also to a green molecule.  
An other interesting mutation is the replacement of Lys-83. The effect of this mutation depend of the amino will replace the Lys. Actually, K83R and K83N mutations results in green fluorescent protein, but K83M substitution lead to latge redshift of absorbtion and emission maxima. In fact, substition with an Arg will increased the chain size, and so inhibite the maturation, but substitution with a Met (wich had mainly the same size than Lys, but different charge) change only absorbtion and emission behavior.
An other interesting mutation is the replacement of Lys-83. The effect of this mutation depend of the amino will replace the Lys. Actually, K83R and K83N mutations results in green fluorescent protein, but K83M substitution lead to latge redshift of absorbtion and emission maxima. In fact, substition with an Arg will increased the chain size, and so inhibite the maturation, but substitution with a Met (wich had mainly the same size than Lys, but different charge) change only absorbtion and emission behavior.
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===Analisys and comparison between DsRed and GFP chromophore===
[[Image:ABC.png |210px|left|thumb|| (A) A portion of the experimental multiwave- length anomalous dispersion-phased electron density map at 2.0-Å resolution,(B) Ball-and-stick diagram of the DsRed chromophore and environment. (C) Schematic diagram of the chromophore environment showing salt bridges and/or hydrogen bonds|]]
These experiments shown the existence of a green fluorescent protein intermediate, very close to GFP, and suggests that there are several steps in the overall reaction (Matz et al.). Studies of Baird et al. shown there are two key conserved amino acids : Gln-66 and Gln-215. When we do the comparison of chromophore of DsRed and GFP, two points seems to be important. First Gln-66 of DsRed had a sp2 hybridization while Thr/Ser-65 (which are at the same place in the molecule) of GFP have a sp3 hybridization. Secondly, the conserved glutamate Glu-215 of DsRed is closer of the chromophore and is bonded to a water molecule close to GlN-66, which becomes oxidized. So this positionning of Gln-66 and Glu-215 should have a big influence in the red fluorescence, and Glu-215 could have two roles : In the formation of green fluorescence intermediate, and, by its environment, is crucial for formation of green or red emitting species.
Matz et al. Suggested that GFP is a “broken” version of an ancestral red fluorescent protein, due to these obsevations.


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*In a high quantity, it could cytotoxic and forms aggregates.
*In a high quantity, it could cytotoxic and forms aggregates.
The aim of the studies on this protein is to understand how it work exactly, and find solutions to avoid these problems.
The aim of the studies on this protein is to understand how it work exactly, and find solutions to avoid these problems.
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===Analisys and comparison between DsRed and GFP chromophore===
[[Image:ABC.png |210px|left|thumb|| (A) A portion of the experimental multiwave- length anomalous dispersion-phased electron density map at 2.0-Å resolution,(B) Ball-and-stick diagram of the DsRed chromophore and environment. (C) Schematic diagram of the chromophore environment showing salt bridges and/or hydrogen bonds|]]
These experiments shown the existence of a green fluorescent protein intermediate, very close to GFP, and suggests that there are several steps in the overall reaction (Matz et al.). Studies of Baird et al. shown there are two key conserved amino acids : Gln-66 and Gln-215. When we do the comparison of chromophore of DsRed and GFP, two points seems to be important. First Gln-66 of DsRed had a sp2 hybridization while Thr/Ser-65 (which are at the same place in the molecule) of GFP have a sp3 hybridization. Secondly, the conserved glutamate Glu-215 of DsRed is closer of the chromophore and is bonded to a water molecule close to GlN-66, which becomes oxidized. So this positionning of Gln-66 and Glu-215 should have a big influence in the red fluorescence, and Glu-215 could have two roles : In the formation of green fluorescence intermediate, and, by its environment, is crucial for formation of green or red emitting species.
Matz et al. Suggested that GFP is a “broken” version of an ancestral red fluorescent protein, due to these obsevations.


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