Sandbox Reserved 595: Difference between revisions

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=Background=

Apolipoprotein E is a member of the apolipoprotein family (NMR structure [[217b]]). This soluble protein is produced primarily in the liver and brain; and it is located principally in the plasma and in the central nervous system (CNS)'<ref>Han X. 2010. ~~T he~~ pathogenic implication of abnormal interaction between apolipoprotein E isoforms, amyloid-beta peptides, and sulfatides in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 41(2-3): 97-106.</ref>'. The systemic transport of cholesterol and other lipids is this protein's main role in the body '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'. One minor function it ~~may exhibit~~ is that of immune regulation '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'. ApoE ~~may~~ also ~~play~~ a role in synaptic integrity and plasticity '<ref>Arold, S. et al. 2012. Apolipoprotein E level and cholesterol are associated with reduced synaptic amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease and apoE TR mouse cortex. Acta Neuropathol 123(1):39-52.</ref>'. Particular isoforms, ε2 and ε4 are implicated in hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III) and late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).

Apolipoprotein E is a member of the apolipoprotein family (NMR structure [[217b]]). This soluble protein is produced primarily in the liver and brain; and it is located principally in the plasma and in the central nervous system (CNS)'<ref>Han X. 2010. The pathogenic implication of abnormal interaction between apolipoprotein E isoforms, amyloid-beta peptides, and sulfatides in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 41(2-3): 97-106.</ref>'. The systemic transport of cholesterol and other lipids is this protein's main role in the body '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'. One minor function it exhibits is that of immune regulation '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'. ApoE also plays a role in synaptic integrity and plasticity '<ref>Arold, S. et al. 2012. Apolipoprotein E level and cholesterol are associated with reduced synaptic amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease and apoE TR mouse cortex. Acta Neuropathol 123(1):39-52.</ref>'. Particular isoforms, ε2 and ε4 are implicated in hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III) and late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).

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=Genetics=

The ApoE gene stores the information responsible for the protein apolipoprotein E. ApoE's cytogenic location is on the long q arm of chromosome 19, in the 13.2 position (19q13.2). It stretches from base pair 45,409,038 to bp 45,412,649 '<ref>Genetics Home Reference. 2013. APOE gene. Ghr.hlm.nih.gov/gene/APOE.</ref>'. Polymorphisms for this gene include three main alleles, epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'. The ε3 allele is the most frequent in all human groups. ε4 has a higher frequency in populations such as Pygmies and Khoisan, Aboriginies of Malaysia and Australia, Papuas, some Native Americans, and Lapps. The frequency of ε2 fluctuates without an apparent trend; but, it is ~~abscent~~ in Native American populations '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.

The ApoE gene stores the information responsible for the protein apolipoprotein E. ApoE's cytogenic location is on the long q arm of chromosome 19, in the 13.2 position (19q13.2). It stretches from base pair 45,409,038 to bp 45,412,649 '<ref>Genetics Home Reference. 2013. APOE gene. Ghr.hlm.nih.gov/gene/APOE.</ref>'. Polymorphisms for this gene include three main alleles, epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'. The ε3 allele is the most frequent in all human groups. ε4 has a higher frequency in populations such as Pygmies and Khoisan, Aboriginies of Malaysia and Australia, Papuas, some Native Americans, and Lapps. The frequency of ε2 fluctuates without an apparent trend; but, it is abcent in Native American populations '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.

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Sandbox Reserved 595: Difference between revisions

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 =Background=
-Apolipoprotein E is a member of the apolipoprotein family (NMR structure [[217b]]).  This soluble protein is produced primarily in the liver and brain; and it is located principally in the plasma and in the central nervous system (CNS)'<ref>Han X.  2010.  T he pathogenic implication of abnormal interaction between apolipoprotein E isoforms, amyloid-beta peptides, and sulfatides in Alzheimer's disease.  Mol Neurobiol 41(2-3): 97-106.</ref>'.  The systemic transport of cholesterol and other lipids is this protein's main role in the body '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.  One minor function it may exhibit is that of immune regulation '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.  ApoE may also play a role in synaptic integrity and plasticity '<ref>Arold, S. et al.  2012.  Apolipoprotein E level and cholesterol are associated with reduced synaptic amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease and apoE TR mouse cortex.  Acta Neuropathol 123(1):39-52.</ref>'. Particular isoforms, ε2 and ε4 are implicated in hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III) and late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).
+Apolipoprotein E is a member of the apolipoprotein family (NMR structure [[217b]]).  This soluble protein is produced primarily in the liver and brain; and it is located principally in the plasma and in the central nervous system (CNS)'<ref>Han X.  2010.  The pathogenic implication of abnormal interaction between apolipoprotein E isoforms, amyloid-beta peptides, and sulfatides in Alzheimer's disease.  Mol Neurobiol 41(2-3): 97-106.</ref>'.  The systemic transport of cholesterol and other lipids is this protein's main role in the body '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.  One minor function it exhibits is that of immune regulation '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.  ApoE also plays a role in synaptic integrity and plasticity '<ref>Arold, S. et al.  2012.  Apolipoprotein E level and cholesterol are associated with reduced synaptic amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease and apoE TR mouse cortex.  Acta Neuropathol 123(1):39-52.</ref>'. Particular isoforms, ε2 and ε4 are implicated in hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III) and late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).
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 =Genetics=
-The ApoE gene stores the information responsible for the protein apolipoprotein E.  ApoE's cytogenic location is on the long q arm of chromosome 19, in the 13.2 position (19q13.2).  It stretches from base pair 45,409,038 to bp 45,412,649 '<ref>Genetics Home Reference. 2013. APOE gene. Ghr.hlm.nih.gov/gene/APOE.</ref>'.  Polymorphisms for this gene include three main alleles, epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.  The ε3 allele is the most frequent in all human groups.  ε4 has a higher frequency in populations such as Pygmies and Khoisan, Aboriginies of Malaysia and Australia, Papuas, some Native Americans, and Lapps.  The frequency of ε2 fluctuates without an apparent trend; but, it is abscent in Native American populations '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.
+The ApoE gene stores the information responsible for the protein apolipoprotein E.  ApoE's cytogenic location is on the long q arm of chromosome 19, in the 13.2 position (19q13.2).  It stretches from base pair 45,409,038 to bp 45,412,649 '<ref>Genetics Home Reference. 2013. APOE gene. Ghr.hlm.nih.gov/gene/APOE.</ref>'.  Polymorphisms for this gene include three main alleles, epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.  The ε3 allele is the most frequent in all human groups.  ε4 has a higher frequency in populations such as Pygmies and Khoisan, Aboriginies of Malaysia and Australia, Papuas, some Native Americans, and Lapps.  The frequency of ε2 fluctuates without an apparent trend; but, it is abcent in Native American populations '<ref>OMIM.Omim.org/entry/107741.</ref>'.
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