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| =='''Physical Model of the Staphylococcus aureus Transpeptidase PBP2a in Complex with an Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Cephalosporin'''==
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| Fatima Assad1, Kavita Bhikhi1, Annie Briglall1, Diana Eusebio1, Edwin Flores1, Andrew Ramirez1, Hillary Ramirez1, Tashina Valentin1, Mohammed Zaman1, Joel L. Sussman2, Andrew L. Lovering3, Lars F. Westblade4, and Allison Granberry1
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| 1Hostos-Lincoln Academy, 600 St. Ann’s Avenue, Bronx, NY 10455, USA; 2Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; 3School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; 4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hofstra
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| North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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| <Structure load='4dki' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Insert caption here' scene='Insert optional scene name here' />
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| ==='''Introduction'''===
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| Transpeptidases ('''TP'''), also known as penicillin-binding proteins ('''PBP'''),
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| catalyze the cross-linking of peptidoglycan polymers during bacterial cell wall
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| synthesis. The natural transpeptidase substrate is the D-Ala-D-Ala
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| peptidoglycan side chain terminus. Beta-lactam ('''β-lactam''') antibiotics, which
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| include penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems, bind and irreversibly
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| inhibit transpeptidases by mimicking the D-Ala-D-Ala substrate, resulting in
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| the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately bacterial cell growth.
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| Overuse and misuse of β-lactams has led to the generation of methicillin resistant
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| Staphylococcus aureus ('''MRSA''') isolates that have acquired an
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| alternative transpeptidase, PBP2a, which is neither bound nor inhibited by β-
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| lactams. MRSA isolates are resistant to all β-lactams, can be hospital- or
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| community-acquired, and are often the cause of significant morbidity and
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| mortality. Furthermore, they are often only susceptible to “last resort
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| antibiotics”, such as vancomycin. Recently, two cephalosporins - ceftobiprole
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| and ceftaroline - that bind and inhibit PBP2a have been developed. The
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| Hostos-Lincoln Academy Students Modeling A Research Topic (SMART)
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| Team generated a model of the PBP2a/ceftobiprole complex (PDB [[4dki]])
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| using 3D printing technology to illustrate the mechanism of action of
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| ceftobiprole. Supported by a grant from the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation.
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