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'''I) Refinement Cycles''': performed with the program CNX, coordinates for the MIO moiety initially taken directly from the HAL structure

==PAL Biological Pathways and Implications==

PAL is found in mainly the lignin of higher plants, fungi, and yeast. In fungal and yeast cells, PAL is catabolic in generating carbon and nitrogen. In plants cells, PAL is used as the key biosynthetic enzyme is catalyzing the first synthesis step in polyphenyl compounds, as well as in defense mechanisms against ultra-violet light and herbivores.

Some examples of PAL in '''Metabolic Pathways''':

a) Tyrosine metabolism

b) Phenylalanine metabolism

c) Nitrogen metabolism

d) Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis

e) Alkaloid biosynthesis

PAL induces dramatically in response to various stimuli such as tissue wounding, pathogenic attack, light, low temperatures, and hormones.

'''PAL Substitution Therapy''':

PAL is now being used to treat patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is an autosomal recessive metabolic genetic disorder caused by mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, which renders the enzyme that catalyzes amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine nonfunctional. Conditions that come about from this disease are hyperphenylalaninemia (Elevation of Phenylalanine in the bloodstream) and mental retardation if therapy not begun at birth.

Instead of using natural formed PAL, doctors will substitute for a mutant recombinant PAL, which will decrease plasma levels of phenylalanine to harmless metabolites that can be excreted. The enzyme is modified to PEGylation to reduce immunogenicity; disguises introduced PAL from host’s immune system, leading to longer and more effective reduction in blood phenylalanine levels than non-modified PAL.<ref name="rutgers">http://maptest.rutgers.edu/drupal/?q=node/408</ref>

==References==

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@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 '''I) Refinement Cycles''': performed with the program CNX, coordinates for the MIO moiety initially taken directly from the HAL structure
+==PAL Biological Pathways and Implications==
+PAL is found in mainly the lignin of higher plants, fungi, and yeast. In fungal and yeast cells, PAL is catabolic in generating carbon and nitrogen. In plants cells, PAL is used as the key biosynthetic enzyme is catalyzing the first synthesis step in polyphenyl compounds, as well as in defense mechanisms against ultra-violet light and herbivores.
+Some examples of PAL in '''Metabolic Pathways''':
+a) Tyrosine metabolism
+b) Phenylalanine metabolism
+c) Nitrogen metabolism
+d) Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
+e) Alkaloid biosynthesis
+PAL induces dramatically in response to various stimuli such as tissue wounding, pathogenic attack, light, low temperatures, and hormones.
+'''PAL Substitution Therapy''':
+PAL is now being used to treat patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is an autosomal recessive metabolic genetic disorder caused by mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, which renders the enzyme that catalyzes amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine nonfunctional. Conditions that come about from this disease are hyperphenylalaninemia (Elevation of Phenylalanine in the bloodstream) and mental retardation if therapy not begun at birth.
+Instead of using natural formed PAL, doctors will substitute for a mutant recombinant PAL, which will decrease plasma levels of phenylalanine to harmless metabolites that can be excreted. The enzyme is modified to PEGylation to reduce immunogenicity; disguises introduced PAL from host’s immune system, leading to longer and more effective reduction in blood phenylalanine levels than non-modified PAL.<ref name="rutgers">http://maptest.rutgers.edu/drupal/?q=node/408</ref>
 ==References==
 <references />