Sandbox Reserved 821: Difference between revisions

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=<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> <ref>PMID:15337754</ref> The C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein, mainly synthesized by the liver. Its concentration may increase rapidly, as much as 1000-fold or more, in response to tissue injury, infection and inflammation: It's an acute-phase protein.

<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> <ref>PMID:15337754</ref> The C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein, mainly synthesized by the liver. Its concentration may increase rapidly, as much as 1000-fold or more, in response to tissue injury, infection and inflammation: It's an acute-phase protein.

CRP binds to phosphocholine which is exposed on died or dying cells and expressed on the surfaces of pathogens. Then, it may activate the complement system via interaction with C1q, and enhance phagocytosis by macrophages via its binding to Fcγ receptors. In addition to the fact that this protein has been highly conserved during evolution, this suggests that CRP is a very important part of the innate immune response, in the host defense.

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==='''''Calcium'''''===

There are two <scene name='56/568019/Structure_of_crp_v2/1'>calcium-binding sites</scene> per CRP protomer.

<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> There are two <scene name='56/568019/Structure_of_crp_v2/1'>calcium-binding sites</scene> per CRP protomer.

One is consisting of residues <scene name='56/568019/Residues/1'>Asp60, Asn61, Glu138, Asp140</scene> and the mainchain carbonyl oxygen of residue 139 of the CRP.

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==='''''Phosphocholine'''''===

Phosphocholine is an universal phospholipid found particularly in the cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins of bacteria, fungi, plants and other eukaryotic organisms whose us, the human beings. However, CRP can only bind phosphocholine of our damaged or apoptotic cells, as head groups of phosphocholine are inaccessible to CRP in “normal” cells.

<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> Phosphocholine is an universal phospholipid found particularly in the cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins of bacteria, fungi, plants and other eukaryotic organisms whose us, the human beings. However, CRP can only bind phosphocholine of our damaged or apoptotic cells, as head groups of phosphocholine are inaccessible to CRP in “normal” cells.

Different sites of the CRP are needed to bind phosphocholine:

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[[Image:C1q.3.jpg]]<ref>PMID:10368284</ref>

C1 is the first component of the classical pathway of the complement and consists of a complex of one C1q, two C1r, and two C1s molecules. C1q is the recognition subunit whereas C1r and C1s form the catalytic subunit. C1q is composed of three different polypeptide chains A, B and C and has a total molecular mass of 460Da. Each chain is present in four copies in the C1q molecule. C1q can bind different activator such as immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) and CRP. In red, adjacent bound CRP molecules may present multiple binding sites via the A face for the C1q arms.

<ref>PMID:16493053</ref> C1 is the first component of the classical pathway of the complement and consists of a complex of one C1q, two C1r, and two C1s molecules. C1q is the recognition subunit whereas C1r and C1s form the catalytic subunit. C1q is composed of three different polypeptide chains A, B and C and has a total molecular mass of 460Da. Each chain is present in four copies in the C1q molecule. C1q can bind different activator such as immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) and CRP. In red, adjacent bound CRP molecules may present multiple binding sites via the A face for the C1q arms.<ref>PMID:10368284</ref>

The bond of C1 to an activator, as CRP triggers the activation of the classical pathway of the complement. This pathway permits, inter alia, the lysis of infectious agent. An excessive activation of the classical pathway could induce tissue injury in ischemia. Thus, the use of inhibitors that attenuate the activation of the pathway by CRP could be a therapeutic approach in ischemia injury.

The bond of C1 to an activator, as CRP triggers the activation of the classical pathway of the complement. This pathway permits, inter alia, the lysis of infectious agent. An excessive activation of the classical pathway could induce tissue injury in ischemia. Thus, the use of inhibitors that attenuate the activation of the pathway by CRP could be a therapeutic approach in ischemia injury.<ref>PMID:16493053</ref>

Various studies have shown that CRP is able to bind to Fcγ receptor with an affinity comparable to that of IgG. These receptors expressed on hematopoietic cells are able to recognize the Fc portion of IgG. They induce phagocytosis in response to immune system attack. The interaction of CRP with Fcγ receptor suggests that CRP has an important role in the immune system and could explain that CRP concentration increases during the acute phase of the inflammation.

Various studies have shown that CRP is able to bind to Fcγ receptor with an affinity comparable to that of IgG. These receptors expressed on hematopoietic cells are able to recognize the Fc portion of IgG. They induce phagocytosis in response to immune system attack. The interaction of CRP with Fcγ receptor suggests that CRP has an important role in the immune system and could explain that CRP concentration increases during the acute phase of the inflammation.<ref>PMID:15075346</ref>

==References==

<references />.

Sandbox Reserved 821: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
-=<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> <ref>PMID:15337754</ref> The C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein, mainly synthesized by the liver. Its concentration may increase rapidly, as much as 1000-fold or more, in response to tissue injury, infection and inflammation: It's an acute-phase protein.
+<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> <ref>PMID:15337754</ref> The C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein, mainly synthesized by the liver. Its concentration may increase rapidly, as much as 1000-fold or more, in response to tissue injury, infection and inflammation: It's an acute-phase protein.
 CRP binds to phosphocholine which is exposed on died or dying cells and expressed on the surfaces of pathogens. Then, it may activate the complement system via interaction with C1q, and enhance phagocytosis by macrophages via its binding to Fcγ receptors. In addition to the fact that this protein has been highly conserved during evolution, this suggests that CRP is a very important part of the innate immune response, in the host defense.
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ==='''''Calcium'''''===
-There are two <scene name='56/568019/Structure_of_crp_v2/1'>calcium-binding sites</scene> per CRP protomer.
+<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> There are two <scene name='56/568019/Structure_of_crp_v2/1'>calcium-binding sites</scene> per CRP protomer.
 One is consisting of residues <scene name='56/568019/Residues/1'>Asp60, Asn61, Glu138, Asp140</scene> and the mainchain carbonyl oxygen of residue 139 of the CRP.
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 ==='''''Phosphocholine'''''===
-Phosphocholine is an universal phospholipid found particularly in the cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins of bacteria, fungi, plants and other eukaryotic organisms whose us, the human beings. However, CRP can only bind phosphocholine of our damaged or apoptotic cells, as head groups of phosphocholine are inaccessible to CRP in “normal” cells.
+<ref>PMID:10368284</ref> Phosphocholine is an universal phospholipid found particularly in the cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins of bacteria, fungi, plants and other eukaryotic organisms whose us, the human beings. However, CRP can only bind phosphocholine of our damaged or apoptotic cells, as head groups of phosphocholine are inaccessible to CRP in “normal” cells.
 Different sites of the CRP are needed to bind phosphocholine:
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 [[Image:C1q.3.jpg]]<ref>PMID:10368284</ref>
-C1 is the first component of the classical pathway of the complement and consists of a complex of one C1q, two C1r, and two C1s molecules. C1q is the recognition subunit whereas C1r and C1s form the catalytic subunit. C1q is composed of three different polypeptide chains A, B and C and has a total molecular mass of 460Da. Each chain is present in four copies in the C1q molecule. C1q can bind different activator such as immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) and CRP. In red, adjacent bound CRP molecules may present multiple binding sites via the A face for the C1q arms.
+<ref>PMID:16493053</ref> C1 is the first component of the classical pathway of the complement and consists of a complex of one C1q, two C1r, and two C1s molecules. C1q is the recognition subunit whereas C1r and C1s form the catalytic subunit. C1q is composed of three different polypeptide chains A, B and C and has a total molecular mass of 460Da. Each chain is present in four copies in the C1q molecule. C1q can bind different activator such as immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) and CRP. In red, adjacent bound CRP molecules may present multiple binding sites via the A face for the C1q arms.<ref>PMID:10368284</ref>
-The bond of C1 to an activator, as CRP triggers the activation of the classical pathway of the complement. This pathway permits, inter alia, the lysis of infectious agent. An excessive activation of the classical pathway could induce tissue injury in ischemia. Thus, the use of inhibitors that attenuate the activation of the pathway by CRP could be a therapeutic approach in ischemia injury.
+The bond of C1 to an activator, as CRP triggers the activation of the classical pathway of the complement. This pathway permits, inter alia, the lysis of infectious agent. An excessive activation of the classical pathway could induce tissue injury in ischemia. Thus, the use of inhibitors that attenuate the activation of the pathway by CRP could be a therapeutic approach in ischemia injury.<ref>PMID:16493053</ref>
-Various studies have shown that CRP is able to bind to Fcγ receptor with an affinity comparable to that of IgG. These receptors expressed on hematopoietic cells are able to recognize the Fc portion of IgG. They induce phagocytosis in response to immune system attack. The interaction of CRP with Fcγ receptor suggests that CRP has an important role in the immune system and could explain that CRP concentration increases during the acute phase of the inflammation.
+Various studies have shown that CRP is able to bind to Fcγ receptor with an affinity comparable to that of IgG. These receptors expressed on hematopoietic cells are able to recognize the Fc portion of IgG. They induce phagocytosis in response to immune system attack. The interaction of CRP with Fcγ receptor suggests that CRP has an important role in the immune system and could explain that CRP concentration increases during the acute phase of the inflammation.<ref>PMID:15075346</ref>
 ==References==
 <references />.