Sandbox 420: Difference between revisions

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==History==

First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a “natural incense” that is “not for human consumption”, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref> <ref name = "history">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />. CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref><ref name = "history">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />. CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.

Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1 receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="history" /> <ref name="toxic">PMID: 21970775 </ref>. Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.

Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1 receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="history" /><ref name="toxic">PMID: 21970775 </ref><ref>PMID: 22065271</ref>. Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.

==Structure==

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==Regulation of Anxiety==

CB1 receptors are responsible for mediating the anti-anxiety effects of cannabinoids, like THC. In low doses, cannabinoids reduce anxiety; however, high doses of cannabinoids act to increase anxiety (4). This is one reason why synthetic cannabinoids like K2, an extremely potent synthetic cannabinoids, produces the harmful side effect of extreme anxiety.

CB1 receptors are responsible for mediating the anti-anxiety effects of cannabinoids, like THC. In low doses, cannabinoids reduce anxiety; however, high doses of cannabinoids act to increase anxiety <ref name="toxic" />(4). This is one reason why synthetic cannabinoids like K2, an extremely potent synthetic cannabinoids, produces the harmful side effect of extreme anxiety.

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@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ==History==
 First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a “natural incense” that is “not for human consumption”, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize.
-Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref> <ref name = "history">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />.  CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.
+Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref><ref name = "history">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />.  CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.
-Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1 receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia,  hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="history" />  <ref name="toxic">PMID: 21970775 </ref>. Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.
+Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1 receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia,  hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="history" /><ref name="toxic">PMID: 21970775 </ref><ref>PMID: 22065271</ref>. Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.
 ==Structure==
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 ==Regulation of Anxiety==
-CB1 receptors are responsible for mediating the anti-anxiety effects of cannabinoids, like THC. In low doses, cannabinoids reduce anxiety; however, high doses of cannabinoids act to increase anxiety (4). This is one reason why synthetic cannabinoids like K2, an extremely potent synthetic cannabinoids, produces the harmful side effect of extreme anxiety.
+CB1 receptors are responsible for mediating the anti-anxiety effects of cannabinoids, like THC. In low doses, cannabinoids reduce anxiety; however, high doses of cannabinoids act to increase anxiety <ref name="toxic" />(4). This is one reason why synthetic cannabinoids like K2, an extremely potent synthetic cannabinoids, produces the harmful side effect of extreme anxiety.