Calmodulin JMU: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Calmodulin_fig_1.png | thumb | | [[Image:Calmodulin_fig_1.png | thumb |left|400px| '''Figure 1: Calmodulin binds to 4 Calcium Ions and Undergoes Conformational Changes''' The figure highlights the structural importance of the flexibility of calmodulin in order to bind better to the 4 calcium ions at the ends and to undergo reactions with the CaM kinase peptides in order to begin a signaling transduction pathway. Click on the thumbnail to enlarge figure.<ref>http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb450/fall14/stryer7/14/figure_14_17b.jpg</ref>]] | ||
== Calmodulin in the body == | == Calmodulin in the body == | ||
Calmodulin is located and used ubiquitously by cells, but is especially prevalent in brain and muscle tissue. It has also been found in human serum, breast milk, urine, and saliva<ref>MacNeil S., Dawson RA., Crocker G., Barton CH., Hanford L., McGurk MR., and Munro DS., (1988). Extracellular calmodulin and its association with epidermal growth factor in normal human body fluids.</ref>. Calmodulin in the cell is mainly localized within organelles and binds to Calcium. Calcium binding then promotes the phosphorylation of protein kinases and activation of other proteins to begin signal transduction for a variety of different pathways, mainly different forms of cell signaling. The phosphorylation of these protein-kinases occurs when Ca2+ reach about 1000 nM and initiates a rapid signaling pathway<ref>doi:10.1038/35036035</ref>. | Calmodulin is located and used ubiquitously by cells, but is especially prevalent in brain and muscle tissue. It has also been found in human serum, breast milk, urine, and saliva<ref>MacNeil S., Dawson RA., Crocker G., Barton CH., Hanford L., McGurk MR., and Munro DS., (1988). Extracellular calmodulin and its association with epidermal growth factor in normal human body fluids.</ref>. Calmodulin in the cell is mainly localized within organelles and binds to Calcium. Calcium binding then promotes the phosphorylation of protein kinases and activation of other proteins to begin signal transduction for a variety of different pathways, mainly different forms of cell signaling. The phosphorylation of these protein-kinases occurs when Ca2+ reach about 1000 nM and initiates a rapid signaling pathway<ref>doi:10.1038/35036035</ref>. | ||
[[Image:Calmodulin_fig_2.png| thumb| | [[Image:Calmodulin_fig_2.png| thumb|right|350px| '''Figure 2: An Overview of Calmodulin Pathway''' Calmodulin binds to 4 Calcium Ions and Undergoes Conformational Changes<ref>"Cellular Communication: Introduction."Web. <http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bess/communication-overview/reg-overview.html>.</ref>]] | ||
== Structural Highlights == | == Structural Highlights == | ||
