Sandbox WWC2: Difference between revisions

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== Function ==

As previously stated, the function of MAO-A is to deaminate 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). When neurons release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to bind to a receptor, some of the neurotransmitters do not bind to the receptor and are not re-uptaken. The monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for oxidizing some of these "free" neurotransmitters in an attempt to prevent their binding to unintended receptors, potentially causing deleterious side effects; they are also responsible for maintaining a steady state of certain neurotransmitters.

Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain. This poses a problem in treating diseases caused by an imbalance in MAO-B. Since the binding site of both enzymes are very similar, many monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)will inhibit both isoforms of monoamine oxidase rather than just the one causing the problem. MAOIs are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. The diet requires that the patient avoid:

Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain. This poses a problem in treating diseases caused by an imbalance in MAO-B. Since the binding site of both enzymes are very similar, many monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)will inhibit both isoforms of monoamine oxidase rather than just the one causing the problem. MAOIs are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. The diet requires that the patient avoid: alcohol, aged cheeses, cured meats, sauerkraut, tofu, fava beans, dried fruit, fermented soy products, any fish or meat refrigerated more than 24 hours [http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois].

There are two polymorphisms of the MAOA gene ~~that are prevalent in humans~~, the low and high activity ~~forms~~ of MAO-A.

There are two prevalent polymorphisms of the human MAOA gene, these include the low activity form (MAOA-L), which produces a smaller amount of the enzyme, and high activity form (MAOA-H), which results in the production of high levels of MAO-A [https://news.brown.edu/articles/2009/01/hotsauce].

== Disease ==

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 == Function ==
 As previously stated, the function of MAO-A is to deaminate 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). When neurons release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to bind to a receptor, some of the neurotransmitters do not bind to the receptor and are not re-uptaken. The monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for oxidizing some of these "free" neurotransmitters in an attempt to prevent their binding to unintended receptors, potentially causing deleterious side effects; they are also responsible for maintaining a steady state of certain neurotransmitters.
-Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain. This poses a problem in treating diseases caused by an imbalance in MAO-B. Since the binding site of both enzymes are very similar, many monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)will inhibit both isoforms of monoamine oxidase rather than just the one causing the problem.  MAOIs are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. The diet requires that the patient avoid:
+Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain. This poses a problem in treating diseases caused by an imbalance in MAO-B. Since the binding site of both enzymes are very similar, many monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)will inhibit both isoforms of monoamine oxidase rather than just the one causing the problem.  MAOIs are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. The diet requires that the patient avoid: alcohol, aged cheeses, cured meats, sauerkraut, tofu, fava beans, dried fruit, fermented soy products, any fish or meat refrigerated more than 24 hours [http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois].
-There are two polymorphisms of the MAOA gene that are prevalent in humans, the low and high activity forms of MAO-A.
+There are two prevalent polymorphisms of the human MAOA gene, these include the low activity form (MAOA-L), which produces a smaller amount of the enzyme, and high activity form (MAOA-H), which results in the production of high levels of MAO-A [https://news.brown.edu/articles/2009/01/hotsauce].
 == Disease ==