Sandbox WWC2: Difference between revisions

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== Function ==

As previously stated, the function of MAO-A is to deaminate 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). When neurons release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to bind to a receptor, some of the neurotransmitters do not bind to the receptor and are not re-uptaken. The monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for oxidizing some of these "free" neurotransmitters in an attempt to prevent their binding to unintended receptors, potentially causing deleterious side effects; they are also responsible for maintaining a steady state of certain neurotransmitters.

Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain. This poses a problem in treating diseases caused by an imbalance in MAO-B. Since the binding site of both enzymes are very similar, many monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)will inhibit both isoforms of monoamine oxidase rather than just the one causing the problem. MAOIs are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. The diet requires that the patient avoid: alcohol, aged cheeses, cured meats, sauerkraut, tofu, fava beans, dried fruit, fermented soy products, any fish or meat refrigerated more than 24 hours [http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois].

Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain.

There are two prevalent polymorphisms of the human MAOA gene, these include the low activity form (MAOA-L), which produces a smaller amount of the enzyme, and high activity form (MAOA-H), which results in the production of high levels of MAO-A [https://news.brown.edu/articles/2009/01/hotsauce]. Recent studies have found that individuals with the MAOA-L gene tend to display slightly higher levels of aggression than individuals with the MAOA-H gene (especially in the case of high-provocation situations). It has also been shown that up to two thirds of the individuals in populations with a high rate of warfare in their history possess the MAOA-L gene. Due to this association between aggression and MAO-A polymorphisms, the human MAOA gene has been dubbed the "warrior gene".

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== Inhibition and Research ==

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. This is because MAO-A is responsible for oxidizing tyramine, a monoamine found in many different food and drink; the levels of tyramine found in the body can have a strong effect on blood pressure. Due to MAO-As effect on blood pressure and digestion those who are put on MAOIs often have to follow a strict diet to prevent side effects such as dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, low blood pressure, and insomnia do not occur. The diet requires that the patient avoid: alcohol, aged cheeses, cured meats, sauerkraut, tofu, fava beans, dried fruit, fermented soy products, any fish or meat refrigerated more than 24 hours [http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois].

== ~~Relevance~~ ==

== Structural highlights ==

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@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 == Function ==
 As previously stated, the function of MAO-A is to deaminate 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). When neurons release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to bind to a receptor, some of the neurotransmitters do not bind to the receptor and are not re-uptaken. The monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for oxidizing some of these "free" neurotransmitters in an attempt to prevent their binding to unintended receptors, potentially causing deleterious side effects; they are also responsible for maintaining a steady state of certain neurotransmitters.
-Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain. This poses a problem in treating diseases caused by an imbalance in MAO-B. Since the binding site of both enzymes are very similar, many monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)will inhibit both isoforms of monoamine oxidase rather than just the one causing the problem.  MAOIs are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. The diet requires that the patient avoid: alcohol, aged cheeses, cured meats, sauerkraut, tofu, fava beans, dried fruit, fermented soy products, any fish or meat refrigerated more than 24 hours [http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois].
+Although MAO-A is found concentrated in catecholaminergic neurons, it is primarily found in the digestive system, while MAO-B is found more abundantly in the brain.
 There are two prevalent polymorphisms of the human MAOA gene, these include the low activity form (MAOA-L), which produces a smaller amount of the enzyme, and high activity form (MAOA-H), which results in the production of high levels of MAO-A [https://news.brown.edu/articles/2009/01/hotsauce]. Recent studies have found that individuals with the MAOA-L gene tend to display slightly higher levels of aggression than individuals with the MAOA-H gene (especially in the case of high-provocation situations). It has also been shown that up to two thirds of the individuals in populations with a high rate of warfare in their history possess the MAOA-L gene. Due to this association between aggression and MAO-A polymorphisms, the human MAOA gene has been dubbed the "warrior gene".
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
+== Inhibition and Research ==
+Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are among the most effective anti-depressants available, however, many inhibit MAO-A alongside the target MAO-B, which results in the need to be on a very strict diet while on MAOIs. This is because MAO-A is responsible for oxidizing tyramine, a monoamine found in many different food and drink; the levels of tyramine found in the body can have a strong effect on blood pressure. Due to MAO-As effect on blood pressure and digestion those who are put on MAOIs often have to follow a strict diet to prevent side effects such as dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, low blood pressure, and insomnia do not occur. The diet requires that the patient avoid: alcohol, aged cheeses, cured meats, sauerkraut, tofu, fava beans, dried fruit, fermented soy products, any fish or meat refrigerated more than 24 hours [http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-maois].
-== Relevance ==
 == Structural highlights ==