Sandbox Reserved 1063: Difference between revisions

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===Introduction===

[[Image:3TGNspacefill.jpg | 300px | right|thumb|3TGN space fill model. Blue and white representing symmetric monomers.]]

Adhesin Competence Regulator (AdcR) is a transcriptional regulator that controls the activation of over seventy genes within the bacteria [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae''Streptococcus pneumoniae'']<ref>DOI:10.1093/nar/gku1304 </ref>. ~~Contrasting with other members~~ of the ~~multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (~~MarR) family, AdcR ~~is metal dependent~~ as the binding ~~of Zinc causes~~ conformational ~~changes that permit AdcR to repress~~ the ~~transcription of high-affinity Zinc specific uptake transporters <ref>PMID:22085181</ref>~~. Zinc plays a vital role in organism homeostasis acting as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry) co-factor] and a regulator of enzymatic activity, however zinc can lead to cell toxicity and deficiency of other vital metals that are also necessary for protein function<ref> Fraústo da Silva J, Williams R. The Biological Chemistry of Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. Second ed. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 2001.</ref><ref> DOI: 10.1021/cr900077w</ref>. ~~Given the many roles zinc plays in general homeostasis the~~ importance of AdcR in ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' can be understood provided its ability to regulate zinc transfer proteins within the bacteria.

Adhesin Competence Regulator (AdcR) is a transcriptional regulator that controls the activation of over seventy genes within the bacteria [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae''Streptococcus pneumoniae''] and is a member of the multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) protein family <ref>DOI:10.1093/nar/gku1304 </ref>. Members of the MarR protein family conserve a number of features including a general triangular shape, a two fold pseudosymmetric homo dimer, and a wingled helix-turn-helix pattern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix-turn-helix (wHTH)]. Consistent with AdcR's identity as a member of the MarR protein family, AdcR exhibits these conserved features. This structure calls for multiple zinc binding sites that facilitate protein conformational change allowing for DNA binding and regulation through the wHTH domain.

[[Image:Image1.jpg | 300 px|left|thumb|Proteins 3BPX, 2FBK, 3KP5, and 2PFB (members of the MarR family) are pictured above.]]

Members of the MarR protein family conserve a number of features including a general triangular shape, a two fold pseudosymmetric homo dimer, and a wingled helix-turn-helix pattern. Consistent with AdcR's identity as a member of the MarR protein family, AdcR exhibits the triangular shape with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix-turn-helix (wHTH)] binding domain. This structure calls for multiple zinc binding sites that facilitate protein conformational change allowing for DNA binding and regulation through the wHTH domain.

Zinc plays a vital role in organism homeostasis acting as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry) co-factor] and a regulator of enzymatic activity, however zinc can lead to cell toxicity and deficiency of other vital metals that are also necessary for protein function <ref> Fraústo da Silva J, Williams R. The Biological Chemistry of Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. Second ed. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 2001.</ref><ref> DOI: 10.1021/cr900077w</ref>. The importance of AdcR in ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' can be understood provided its ability to regulate zinc transfer proteins within the bacteria. Contrasting with other members of the MarR family, AdcR is metal dependent. Binding of Zinc allows AdcR to bind DNA and activate the transcription of high-affinity Zinc specific uptake transporters. The binding of Zinc induces a conformational change that allows for a hydrogen bond network between helices of the binding domain. It is believed that this hydrogen bond network is the allosteric activator needed to expose residues that bind the bases along the major groove of the DNA <ref>PMID:22085181</ref>.

[[Image:Image1.jpg |300 px|left|thumb|Proteins 3BPX, 2FBK, 3KP5, and 2PFB (members of the MarR family) are pictured above.]]

== '''DNA Binding''' ==

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ===Introduction===
 [[Image:3TGNspacefill.jpg | 300px | right|thumb|3TGN space fill model. Blue and white representing symmetric monomers.]]
-Adhesin Competence Regulator (AdcR) is a transcriptional regulator that controls the activation of over seventy genes within the bacteria [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae''Streptococcus pneumoniae'']<ref>DOI:10.1093/nar/gku1304 </ref>. Contrasting with other members of the multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) family, AdcR is metal dependent as the binding of Zinc causes conformational changes that permit AdcR to repress the transcription of high-affinity Zinc specific uptake transporters <ref>PMID:22085181</ref>. Zinc plays a vital role in organism homeostasis acting as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry) co-factor] and a regulator of enzymatic activity, however zinc can lead to cell toxicity and deficiency of other vital metals that are also necessary for protein function<ref> Fraústo da Silva J, Williams R. The Biological Chemistry of Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. Second ed. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 2001.</ref><ref> DOI: 10.1021/cr900077w</ref>. Given the many roles zinc plays in general homeostasis the importance of AdcR in ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' can be understood provided its ability to regulate zinc transfer proteins within the bacteria.
+Adhesin Competence Regulator (AdcR) is a transcriptional regulator that controls the activation of over seventy genes within the bacteria [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae''Streptococcus pneumoniae''] and is a member of the multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) protein family <ref>DOI:10.1093/nar/gku1304 </ref>. Members of the MarR protein family conserve a number of features including a general triangular shape, a two fold pseudosymmetric homo dimer, and a wingled helix-turn-helix pattern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix-turn-helix (wHTH)]. Consistent with AdcR's identity as a member of the MarR protein family, AdcR exhibits these conserved features. This structure calls for multiple zinc binding sites that facilitate protein conformational change allowing for DNA binding and regulation through the wHTH domain.
-[[Image:Image1.jpg | 300 px|left|thumb|Proteins 3BPX, 2FBK, 3KP5, and 2PFB (members of the MarR family) are pictured above.]]
-Members of the MarR protein family conserve a number of features including a general triangular shape, a two fold pseudosymmetric homo dimer, and a wingled helix-turn-helix pattern. Consistent with AdcR's identity as a member of the MarR protein family, AdcR exhibits the triangular shape with the  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix-turn-helix (wHTH)] binding domain. This structure calls for multiple zinc binding sites that facilitate protein conformational change allowing for DNA binding and regulation through the wHTH domain.
+Zinc plays a vital role in organism homeostasis acting as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry) co-factor] and a regulator of enzymatic activity, however zinc can lead to cell toxicity and deficiency of other vital metals that are also necessary for protein function <ref> Fraústo da Silva J, Williams R. The Biological Chemistry of Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. Second ed. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 2001.</ref><ref> DOI: 10.1021/cr900077w</ref>. The importance of AdcR in ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' can be understood provided its ability to regulate zinc transfer proteins within the bacteria. Contrasting with other members of the MarR family, AdcR is metal dependent. Binding of Zinc allows AdcR to bind DNA and activate the transcription of high-affinity Zinc specific uptake transporters. The binding of Zinc induces a conformational change that allows for a hydrogen bond network between helices of the binding domain. It is believed that this hydrogen bond network is the allosteric activator needed to expose residues that bind the bases along the major groove of the DNA <ref>PMID:22085181</ref>.
+[[Image:Image1.jpg |300 px|left|thumb|Proteins 3BPX, 2FBK, 3KP5, and 2PFB (members of the MarR family) are pictured above.]]
 == '''DNA Binding''' ==