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| <StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='54/540142/Cv/1' caption='Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin and sulfate [[3k7v]]'> | | <StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='54/540142/Cv/1' caption='Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin and sulfate [[3k7v]]'> |
| == Function == | | == Function == |
| '''Protein phosphatases''' (PP) regulate protein phosphorylation and thus are key in intracellular signal transduction processes.<br /> | | '''Protein phosphatases''' (PP) or '''serine/threonine protein phosphatase''' regulate protein phosphorylation and thus are key in intracellular signal transduction processes.<br /> |
| * '''PP1''' is a serine/threonine phosphatase and is a key component of the insulin signaling pathway<ref>PMID:9609113</ref>.<br /> | | * '''PP1''' is a serine/threonine phosphatase and is a key component of the insulin signaling pathway<ref>PMID:9609113</ref>.<br /> |
| * '''PP2A''' targets proteins in the oncogenic signaling pathways<ref>PMID:11812651</ref>. For PP2A see also [[HEAT Repeat]].<br /> | | * '''PP2A''' targets proteins in the oncogenic signaling pathways<ref>PMID:11812651</ref>. For PP2A see also [[HEAT Repeat]].<br /> |
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| **[[2ie3]], [[2ie4]], [[2npp]], [[2nyl]], [[2nym]] – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + tumor-inducing toxin<br /> | | **[[2ie3]], [[2ie4]], [[2npp]], [[2nyl]], [[2nym]] – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + tumor-inducing toxin<br /> |
| **[[3c5w]] – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + PP2A-specific methyltransferase<br /> | | **[[3c5w]] – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + PP2A-specific methyltransferase<br /> |
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| | *Protein phosphatase 2B See [[Calcineurin]] |
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| *Protein phosphatase 2C | | *Protein phosphatase 2C |
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| **[[4yzh]] – AtPP2C (mutant) + chlorophyll-binding protein peptide<br /> | | **[[4yzh]] – AtPP2C (mutant) + chlorophyll-binding protein peptide<br /> |
| **[[3ujg]] - AtPP2C + SRK2E<br /> | | **[[3ujg]] - AtPP2C + SRK2E<br /> |
| | |
| | *Protein phosphatase 4 |
| | |
| | **[[4wsf]] – PP4 regulatory subunit + Cenp-C – ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br /> |
| | |
| | *Protein phosphatase 5 |
| | |
| | **[[1wao]] – hPP5 + Mn<br /> |
| | **[[5muf]] – hPP5 <br /> |
| | **[[1a17]] – hPP5 protein-interacting domain<br /> |
| | **[[2bug]] – hPP5 protein-interacting domain (mutant) + Hsp90 peptide - NMR<br /> |
| | **[[1s95]], [[3h60]] – hPP5 catalytic domain + Mn<br /> |
| | **[[3h61]], [[3h62]], [[3h63]], [[3h64]], [[3h66]], [[3h67]], [[3h68]], [[3h69]], [[4zvz]], [[4zx2]], [[4zvz]], [[4zx2]] – hPP5 catalytic domain + inhibitor + Mn<br /> |
| | **[[5hpe]] – hPP5 catalytic domain/Hsp90 peptide + Mn<br /> |
| | **[[4ja7]], [[4ja9]] - rPP5 catalytic domain + inhibitor <br /> |
| | **[[3icf]] - yPP5 catalytic domain + Fe - yeast<br /> |
| | **[[5jjt]] – AtPP5 + Ni<br /> |
| | |
| | *Protein phosphatase |
| | |
| | **[[1g5b]] – PP + Mn – Enterobacteria phage λ<br /> |
| | **[[2pk0]] – PP + Mg – ''Streptococcus agalactiae''<br /> |
| | **[[2cm1]] – PP + Mn – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<br /> |
| | **[[3pu9]] – PP + Mg – ''Sphaerobacter thermophilus''<br /> |
| | **[[5f1m]] – PP Stp1 + Mn – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<br /> |
| | **[[5jpf]] – PP Z1 + microcystin-LR + Mn – ''Candida albicans''<br /> |
| }} | | }} |
| == References == | | == References == |
| <references/> | | <references/> |
| [[Category:Topic Page]] | | [[Category:Topic Page]] |
| Function
Protein phosphatases (PP) or serine/threonine protein phosphatase regulate protein phosphorylation and thus are key in intracellular signal transduction processes.
- PP1 is a serine/threonine phosphatase and is a key component of the insulin signaling pathway[1].
- PP2A targets proteins in the oncogenic signaling pathways[2]. For PP2A see also HEAT Repeat.
- PP2C are Mg/Mn- dependent and are essential for the regulation of cell cycle and stress signaling pathways. For details see ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C.
- PP4 regulates a variety of cellular functions[3].
- PP5 is activated by lipids and is involved in signal transduction[4].
Disease
Mutations in PP2A are found in many solid cancers and leukemias. PP2A-activating drugs are possible candidates for cancer therapeutics protocols[5]. Development of Alzheimer disease drugs could be based on restoration of PP2A activity[6].
Structural highlights
Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin. Algal toxin binds at the surface pocket of the PP2A catalytic subunit which contains the Mn+2 ion cofactors[7]. Water molecule shown as red sphere.
- ↑ Ragolia L, Begum N. Protein phosphatase-1 and insulin action. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 May;182(1-2):49-58. PMID:9609113
- ↑ Resjo S, Goransson O, Harndahl L, Zolnierowicz S, Manganiello V, Degerman E. Protein phosphatase 2A is the main phosphatase involved in the regulation of protein kinase B in rat adipocytes. Cell Signal. 2002 Mar;14(3):231-8. PMID:11812651
- ↑ Lipinszki Z, Lefevre S, Savoian MS, Singleton MR, Glover DM, Przewloka MR. Centromeric binding and activity of Protein Phosphatase 4. Nat Commun. 2015 Jan 6;6:5894. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6894. PMID:25562660 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6894
- ↑ Chinkers M. Protein phosphatase 5 in signal transduction. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan-Feb;12(1):28-32. PMID:11137038
- ↑ Perrotti D, Neviani P. Protein phosphatase 2A: a target for anticancer therapy. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):e229-38. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70558-2. PMID:23639323 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70558-2
- ↑ Rudrabhatla P, Pant HC. Role of protein phosphatase 2A in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011 Sep;8(6):623-32. PMID:21605044
- ↑ Huhn J, Jeffrey PD, Larsen K, Rundberget T, Rise F, Cox NR, Arcus V, Shi Y, Miles CO. A structural basis for the reduced toxicity of dinophysistoxin-2. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 Nov;22(11):1782-6. PMID:19916524 doi:10.1021/tx9001622
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3D Structures of protein phosphatase
Updated on 18-September-2018
{"openlevels":0}
- Protein phosphatase 1
- Protein phosphatase 1A
- Protein phosphatase 1G
- 5inb, 5j28 - hPP1G catalytic subunit + peptide
- Protein phosphatase 1K
- Protein phosphatase 2A
- 1b3u, 2g62, 2hv6 – hPP2A regulatory subunit
- 2ie3, 2ie4, 2npp, 2nyl, 2nym – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + tumor-inducing toxin
- 3c5w – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + PP2A-specific methyltransferase
- Protein phosphatase 2B See Calcineurin
- Protein phosphatase 2C
- 2iq1 – hPP2C κ
- 4raf, 4rag - hPP2C α (mutant) + Mn
- 3d8k – PP2C – Toxoplasma gondii
- 3jrq, 3nmn – AtPP2C + Pyl1 + pyrabactin – Arabidopsis thaliana
- 3kdj - AtPP2C + Pyl1 + abscicic acid
- 3nmt, 3kb3, 3nmv, 3ujl – AtPP2C + Pyl2
- 4la7, 4lg5, 4lga, 4lgb – AtPP2C + Pyl2 + ligand
- 4ds8, 5jo1, 5jo2 – AtPP2C + Pyl3 + Mn
- 3rt0 – AtPP2C (mutant) + Pyl10
- 4n0g – AtPP2C + Pyl13
- 3qn1, 3zvu, 4wvo – AtPP2C + Pyr1
- 3ujk – AtPP2C
- 4yzg – AtPP2C (mutant)
- 4yzh – AtPP2C (mutant) + chlorophyll-binding protein peptide
- 3ujg - AtPP2C + SRK2E
- Protein phosphatase 4
- 4wsf – PP4 regulatory subunit + Cenp-C – Drosophila melanogaster
- Protein phosphatase 5
- 1wao – hPP5 + Mn
- 5muf – hPP5
- 1a17 – hPP5 protein-interacting domain
- 2bug – hPP5 protein-interacting domain (mutant) + Hsp90 peptide - NMR
- 1s95, 3h60 – hPP5 catalytic domain + Mn
- 3h61, 3h62, 3h63, 3h64, 3h66, 3h67, 3h68, 3h69, 4zvz, 4zx2, 4zvz, 4zx2 – hPP5 catalytic domain + inhibitor + Mn
- 5hpe – hPP5 catalytic domain/Hsp90 peptide + Mn
- 4ja7, 4ja9 - rPP5 catalytic domain + inhibitor
- 3icf - yPP5 catalytic domain + Fe - yeast
- 5jjt – AtPP5 + Ni
- Protein phosphatase
- 1g5b – PP + Mn – Enterobacteria phage λ
- 2pk0 – PP + Mg – Streptococcus agalactiae
- 2cm1 – PP + Mn – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- 3pu9 – PP + Mg – Sphaerobacter thermophilus
- 5f1m – PP Stp1 + Mn – Staphylococcus aureus
- 5jpf – PP Z1 + microcystin-LR + Mn – Candida albicans
References
