User:Sean Callahan/Sandbox 1: Difference between revisions

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Histones are positively charged proteins that help organize DNA into tightly packed chromosomes by acting as a spool for DNA to wrap around. Histones are composed of 4 subunits (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and have the capability to either loosen their interaction with DNA to promote transcription or tighten their interaction to suppress transcription. Some of the mechanisms that histones use to achieve these different interactions include the addition or removal of acetyl, methyl, or phosphate groups. Demethylases are responsible for removing methyl groups from different histone residues. While this is typically associated with increasing histone-DNA interaction, and thus silencing transcription, demethylation has also been associated with the promotion of transcription depending on the residue that is being demethylated.[[Image:HistoneStructure.png | 400px| right| thumb| Figure 1: This is the crystal structure of a histone bound to DNA. Its subunits are color coded.]]
Histones are positively charged proteins that help organize DNA into tightly packed chromosomes by acting as a spool for DNA to wrap around. Histones are composed of 4 subunits (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and have the capability to either loosen their interaction with DNA to promote transcription or tighten their interaction to suppress transcription. Some of the mechanisms that histones use to achieve these different interactions include the addition or removal of acetyl, methyl, or phosphate groups. Demethylases are responsible for removing methyl groups from different histone residues. While this is typically associated with increasing histone-DNA interaction, and thus silencing transcription, demethylation has also been associated with the promotion of transcription depending on the residue that is being demethylated.[[Image:HistoneStructure.png | 400px| right| thumb| Figure 1: This is the crystal structure of a histone bound to DNA. Its subunits are color coded.]]


There are two main classes of demethylases, and they are categorized by their co-factors and co-substrates. One class of demethylases uses an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide#FAD] co-factor to catalyze the demethylation reaction. The other class of demethylases uses a Fe2+ ion and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid α-ketoglutarate] as a co-substrate to catalyze the reaction. Although the co-factors used are different, both classes operate by hydroxylating the target methyl group. Lysine Specific Demethylases 1 is a histone demethylase that uses FAD as a co-factor<ref name="Forneris">PMID: 15811342</ref>. Specifically, LSD1 is responsible for demethylating Lys 4 and Lys 9 on the H3 subunit of the histone.
There are two main classes of demethylases, and they are categorized by their co-factors and co-substrates. One class of demethylases uses an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide FAD] co-factor to catalyze the demethylation reaction. The other class of demethylases uses a Fe2+ ion and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid α-ketoglutarate] as a co-substrate to catalyze the reaction. Although the co-factors used are different, both classes operate by hydroxylating the target methyl group. Lysine Specific Demethylases 1 is a histone demethylase that uses FAD as a co-factor<ref name="Forneris">PMID: 15811342</ref>. Specifically, LSD1 is responsible for demethylating Lys 4 and Lys 9 on the H3 subunit of the histone.


==Structure==
==Structure==
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