Sandbox Reserved 1092: Difference between revisions

- The Myostatin-associated protein '''hSGT''' <ref name="hSGT"> H Wang, Q Zhang, D Zhu. hSGT interacts with the N-terminal region of myostatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Nov 28;311(4):877-83.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623262]</ref>(human Small Glutamine-rich Tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein) binds to myostatin on its N-terminal end. Recent studies suggest that hSGT is involved in the regulation of the secretion and activation of myostatin.

- '''Follistatin''' is able to for complexes with Myostatin, enabling the inhibition of the Myostatin’s action on muscular development.

It is a grown factor<ref name="patho"/> that is implicated into muscle development in mammals. Myostatin can transmit a message to the nucleus that will promote a gene that lead to the production of ubiquitin. Ubiquitin is a signal of degradation so muscle cells will be destroyed. Indeed, it reduce the mass of the muscle but it also reduces the quantity of [[Myosin]] <ref>Jeffrey L. Corden,David Tollervey. Cell Biology, Chapter 36 Motor Proteins.2017 [https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-34126-4.00036-0 DOI:10.1016/B978-0-323-34126-4.00036-0] </ref> which is very important for the cohesion of muscles and for movement. Indeed [[Myosin]] forms filament, and when [[Myosin]] filaments associate with [[Actin]] and consume [[ATP]] it produces muscle movement.

If the quantity of myosin is not well regulated in the human body, it could trigger many muscle related illnesses<ref name="disease">Sharma, M., McFarlane, C., Kambadur, R., Kukreti, H., Bonala, S. and Srinivasan, S. (2015), Myostatin: Expanding horizons. IUBMB Life, 67: 589-600. [ https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1392 DOI:10.1002/iub.1392]</ref>, especially when there is too much myostatin, as heart disease, liver disease..

We can focus on the example of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) which is a lunch disease. People suffering from this disease have difficulties to breathe because of an obstruction of airflow <ref name="disease"/> . Their muscles are not strong enough to help them to breathe the right way and it is called pulmonary cachexia. This disease is also characterized by many muscle complications into the whole body, including a global reduction of muscle mass. It has been proven that a high rate of myostatin quantity in human body can promote this disease.

Myostatin has also a role in many metabolisms as in blood glucose<ref name="disease"/>: indeed, the more myostatin you have, the more resistant to insulin you are. This could be link with Type 2 diabetes and so obesity because it is an inducer of Phosphotyrosine Interaction Domain containing 1 (PID1) protein [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=55022] in human muscle cells. Indeed, this protein is known for its role into insulin resistance development.

However, myostatin can also be a way to cure some disease:

If myostatin action is inhibited, researchers have noticed that muscular mass increases <ref name="edumont"/><ref name="patho"/>.Indeed, myostatin and particularly its inhibition can be a solution to cure muscle atrophy disease: let’s focus on the example of OPMD <ref> PMID:31066242</ref>, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: This disease involves that the muscles affected show increased fibrosis and atrophy.This is a late-onset disease, affecting 1 people over 80000. It is characterized by dysphagia and ptosis but also limb weakness when the disease is at a very advanced stage. Researcher have noticed that the inhibition of myostatin, increased the muscle quantity and so it help to reduce the symptoms of OPMD.

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