The Adiponectin receptor 1 is one of the two receptors for the hormone called adiponectin.
Function
The function of adipoR1 is directly linked with the adiponectin. It is an hormone, and more precisely an adipokine [1] [2], present in the blood at high concentration, approximatively 0,01 % of the total amount of proteins in plasma[3].The human adiponectin monomer as molecular weight of about 28 kDa and is composed of 244 amino acids. However, the molecular weight of the hormone depends on the multimerization of this one [3]. The hormone is mainly created by adipocytes present in brown and white adipose tissues but according to researches it could also be produced in some non-adipose tissues as in skeletal muscle [3][2].Two forms of adiponectin exist: the full-length adiponectin, presents in the liver and the globular adiponectin presents in skeletal muscles and in the liver.The adiponectin receptor 1 is a receptor sensitive in particular to the globular form[2]. This hormone is known to be anti-diabetic, antiatherogenic and a regulator of tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity[4]. These properties of the adiponectin are linked to the fatty oxidation trigger by the hormone and the adipoR1 receptor. Different fatty acid oxidation pathway exists. The major pathway regulated by adipoR1 is the AMP kinase channel, but this pathway is not completely known. However, several studies show that adipoR1 decreases the hepatic glucose production by activating this channel. AdipoR1 is also able to limit the expression of enzymes, like glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and carboxykinase1, involved in gluconeogenesis[4]
Structure
The Adiponectin receptor 1 is an integral membrane protein composed of 375 amino acids and its molecular weight is 42,4 kDa. This protein can be decomposed into different parts: an internal N-terminus domain (residues 89 to 120), a short intracellular domain called helix 0 (residues 121 to 129), seven transmembrane helices (residues 134 to 364) and an external C-terminus domain (residues 365 to 375). [1]
The organisation of the structure of the Adiponectin receptor 1 is the opposite to G protein-coupled receptor family. Indeed, the Adiponectin receptor has an internal N-terminus domain and an external C-terminus domain while the G-protein family has an internal N-terminus domain and an external C-terminus domain. [5] [1] [6]
The Adiponectin receptor 1 contains seven transmembrane helices linked thanks to three extracellular loops and three intracellular loops. The helix I is formed by the residues 135 to 157, helix II by the residues 169 to 192, the helix III by the residues 198 to 227, the helice IV by the residues 232 to 252, the helix V by the residues 264 to 288 heliX VI by the residues 305 to 319 and the helix VII by the residues 336 to 364 .Besides, the helix III and VII are longer than the other helices. These seven transmembrane helices have a clockwise circular specific organisation (from helix I to helix VII) and form a bundle.
Concerning the extracellular faces, the three extracellular loops which connect the transmembrane helices are exposed and it is the same for the C-terminus domain. Besides, helix III and the VII are longer than the other helices and as a result the C-terminus domain two turns of the VII are exposed too. [1]
In the middle of the seven transmembrane helices there is a large internal cavity where a zinc-binding site can be found. This cavity located from the cytoplasmic surface to the middle of the outer lipid layer of the membrane has small openings between the helix V and VI, and between the helice IV and VI. It has been assumed that these openings are involved in the entrance and exit of both substrate and product.
In this cavity, there is a zinc ion which is coordinated thanks to three histidine residues. These three histidine residues are H191 in the helix II, H337 and H341 in the helix VII. As a result, the zinc ion is in the intracellular layer of the membrane, in the neighbourhood of 4° deep from the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Thanks to its tetrahedral coordination, this zinc ion binds the helix II, III and VII together. The adiponectin-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation doesn’t directly require the zinc binding site, nevertheless it has been supposed that the zinc ion allows a stabilizing effect. [1]
AdipoR1 has the capacity to form oligomers. [5] Indeed in living cell both monomers and oligomers are present. A specific motif was identified to contribute to the AdipoR1 dimerization: it is the motif GxxxG in the transmembrane helix V. Besides, the dimerization of AdipoR1 is also regulated. This dimerization is inhibited by the fixation of the full-length adiponectin while the globular adiponectin has any impact on the dimerization level of the AdipoR1 receptor. Thanks to mutant experiment, it can be supposed that the collagen-like domain of the full-length adiponectin is responsible to the dimer dissociation. There are strong evidences that dimerization of the AdipoR1 receptor has a role during the biosynthesis, the trafficking and the signalling of the seven transmembrane receptors. [7]
Diseases
Type II diabete is caracterized by a chronic hyperglycemia and obese or overweight people most of the time. In case of type 2 diabete, adiponectin level in plasma signficantly reduced signficantly and the expression adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 (and AdipoR2) decreases in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues especially.[5] [3]
An insulin resistant organism means that the organism will require more insulin to obtain the biological effects of a normal organism.[2]From hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia is probably led insulin resistance.[5] The adiponectin levels and the expression of AdipoR1 (and AdipoR2) drop, thereby reduce adiponectin sensitivity and lead to insulin resistance. [2]
Then, insulin resistance provoque a drop of adiponectin secretion and circulation level, increase hyperinsulinemia and start a vicious cycle. [3] [5]
Insulin resistance can be caused by any defects in the insulin signaling cascade included problems with AdipoR1.[2]
Obesity and insulin resistance also lead to metabolic syndrome. But agonist of adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1) should be a new treatment strategie for metabolic syndrome or obesity-linked diseases. [5]
AdipoR1 can display metabolic dysfunction, especially in case of the drop of its expression. [6]
A treatment against type II diabete and insulin resistance could be AdipoR1 overexpression that improves insulin resistance and promotes glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in one hand, and attenuates weight gain and improves glucose metabolism models of metabolic dysfunction in macrophages. [6]
3D visualisation
Use of Jsmol and Jmol [8][9]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Tanabe, Hiroaki, Yoshifumi Fujii, Miki Okada-Iwabu, Masato Iwabu, Yoshihiro Nakamura, Toshiaki Hosaka, Kanna Motoyama, et al. « Crystal structures of the human adiponectin receptors ». Nature 520, nᵒ 7547 (1 avril 2015): 312‑16. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14301
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Kadowaki, Takashi et al. “Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome.” The Journal of clinical investigation vol. 116,7 (2006): 1784-92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1483172/
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Whitehead, J. P., A. A. Richards, I. J. Hickman, G. A. Macdonald, et J. B. Prins. « Adiponectin – a Key Adipokine in the Metabolic Syndrome ». Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 8, nᵒ 3 (2006): 264‑80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00510.x.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Yamauchi, Toshimasa, Junji Kamon, Yusuke Ito, Atsushi Tsuchida, Takehiko Yokomizo, Shunbun Kita, Takuya Sugiyama, et al. « Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects ». Nature 423, nᵒ 6941 (1 juin 2003): 762‑69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01705. Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Takashi Kadowaki and Toshimasa Yamauchi et al. « Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors». 2015 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15897298 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Parker-Duffen JL, Nakamura K, Silver M, Zuriaga MA, MacLauchlan S, Aprahamian TR, Walsh K et al. «Divergent roles for adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and AdipoR2 in mediating revascularization and metabolic dysfunction in vivo.» 17 April 2014 : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24742672
- ↑ Kosel D, Heiker JT, Juhl C, Wottawah CM, Blüher M, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG et al. « Dimerization of adiponectin 1 is inhibited by adiponectin » Journal of Cell Science 123, 1320-1328 (2010) : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20332107
- ↑ Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
- ↑ Herraez A. Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2006 Jul;34(4):255-61. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644. PMID:21638687 doi:10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644
