Sandbox Reserved 1099: Difference between revisions

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However, some cleavage of the precursor occurred probably in sweat to produce different active forms of dermcidin peptide. The most abundant proteolytically processed DCD peptide presents in sweat is '''DCD-1L''' (in bold).

DCD-1L is created by proteases in sweat after the first post-secretory processing step consisting to reduce the peptide to the C-terminal thereupon containing 48 residues, from the 63 to the 110 amino acid. And secondly, the cathepsin D with 1,10-phenthroline-sensitive carboxypeptidase still not cited in sweat composition yet and an unidentified endoprotease contribute to further processed the DCD-1L C-terminal to produce other derived-peptides.<ref>Daniel Baechle, Thomas Flad, Alexander Cansier, Heiko Steffen, Birgit Schittek, Jonathan Tolson, Timo Herrmann, Hassan Dihazi􏰀, Alexander Beck, Gerhard A. Mueller􏰀, Margret Mueller, Stefan Stevanovic, Claus Garbe, Claudia A. Mueller, and Hubert Kalbacher. "Cathepsin D Is Present in Human Eccrine Sweat and Involved in the Postsecretory Processing of the Antimicrobial Peptide DCD-1L" J. Biol. Chem. 281, no. 9 (March 3, 2006): 5406-15. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M504670200 </ref> One of them is DCD-1.

DCD-1L is created by proteases in sweat after the first post-secretory processing step consisting to reduce the peptide to the C-terminal thereupon containing 48 residues, from the 63 to the 110 amino acid. And secondly, the cathepsin D with 1,10-phenthroline-sensitive carboxypeptidase still not cited in sweat composition yet and an unidentified endoprotease contribute to further processed the DCD-1L C-terminal to produce other derived-peptides.<ref name = ecoli>Daniel Baechle, Thomas Flad, Alexander Cansier, Heiko Steffen, Birgit Schittek, Jonathan Tolson, Timo Herrmann, Hassan Dihazi􏰀, Alexander Beck, Gerhard A. Mueller􏰀, Margret Mueller, Stefan Stevanovic, Claus Garbe, Claudia A. Mueller, and Hubert Kalbacher. "Cathepsin D Is Present in Human Eccrine Sweat and Involved in the Postsecretory Processing of the Antimicrobial Peptide DCD-1L" J. Biol. Chem. 281, no. 9 (March 3, 2006): 5406-15. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M504670200 </ref> One of them is DCD-1.

== Structural highlights ==

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The overall negatively charged DCD-1L is a one amino acid longer DCD-1 and shows beside the antimicrobial activity against [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_ ''Escherichia coli''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_ ''Staphylococcus aureus''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis_ ''Enterococcus faecalis''] additional high fungicidal activity on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans_ ''Candida albicans''].<ref> Schittek, B., Hipfel, R., Sauer, B., Bauer, J., Kalbacher, H., Stevanovic, S., Schirle, M., Schroeder, K., Blin, N., Meier, F., Rassner, G., Garbe, C., 2001. Dermcidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands. Nat Immunol 2, 1133–1137. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni732 </ref> The first three amino acids (SSL) up to the 23th amino acids of DCD-1L is a region which appears to be responsible for the antibacterial activity. The killing of bacteria rises significantly after 2 – 3 hours of incubation which is not driven by a permeabilization of the outer nor inner bacterial membrane.<ref> Steffen, H., Rieg, S., Wiedemann, I., Kalbacher, H., Deeg, M., Sahl, H.-G., Peschel, A., Gotz, F., Garbe, C., Schittek, B., 2006. Naturally Processed Dermcidin-Derived Peptides Do Not Permeabilize Bacterial Membranes and Kill Microorganisms Irrespective of Their Charge. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, 2608–2620. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00181-06 </ref> However, some authors are not in agreement on this with each other<ref> Song, C., Weichbrodt, C., Salnikov, E.S., Dynowski, M., Forsberg, B.O., Bechinger, B., Steinem, C., de Groot, B.L., Zachariae, U., Zeth, K., 2013. Crystal structure and functional mechanism of a human antimicrobial membrane channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, 4586–4591. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214739110 </ref> since it was also detected that DCD-1L creates ion channels into the bacterial membranes promoted by Zn<sup>2+</sup>.<ref> Paulmann, M., Arnold, T., Linke, D., Özdirekcan, S., Kopp, A., Gutsmann, T., Kalbacher, H., Wanke, I., Schuenemann, V.J., Habeck, M., Bürck, J., Ulrich, A.S., Schittek, B., 2012. Structure-Activity Analysis of the Dermcidin-derived Peptide DCD-1L, an Anionic Antimicrobial Peptide Present in Human Sweat. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 8434–8443. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.332270 </ref>

The derived peptides described in the expression and maturation part modulate the innate immune response according to the micro-organism. Some derived-peptide are effective on particular micro-organism. For exemple, the peptide SSL has a huge and specifically action on ''E. coli'' and ''S.aureus''.

The derived peptides described in the expression and maturation part modulate the innate immune response according to the micro-organism. Some derived-peptide are effective on particular micro-organism. For exemple, the peptide SSL has a huge and specifically action on ''E. coli'' and ''S.aureus''<ref name = ecoli/>.

== Related diseases ==

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 However, some cleavage of the precursor occurred probably in sweat to produce different active forms of dermcidin peptide. The most abundant proteolytically processed DCD peptide presents in sweat is '''DCD-1L''' (in bold).
-DCD-1L is created by proteases in sweat after the first post-secretory processing step consisting to reduce the peptide to the C-terminal thereupon containing 48 residues, from the 63 to the 110 amino acid. And secondly, the cathepsin D with 1,10-phenthroline-sensitive carboxypeptidase still not cited in sweat composition yet and an unidentified endoprotease contribute to further processed the DCD-1L C-terminal to produce other derived-peptides.<ref>Daniel Baechle, Thomas Flad, Alexander Cansier, Heiko Steffen, Birgit Schittek, Jonathan Tolson, Timo Herrmann, Hassan Dihazi􏰀, Alexander Beck, Gerhard A. Mueller􏰀, Margret Mueller, Stefan Stevanovic, Claus Garbe, Claudia A. Mueller, and Hubert Kalbacher. "Cathepsin D Is Present in Human Eccrine Sweat and Involved in the Postsecretory Processing of the Antimicrobial Peptide DCD-1L" J. Biol. Chem. 281, no. 9 (March 3, 2006): 5406-15. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M504670200 </ref> One of them is DCD-1.
+DCD-1L is created by proteases in sweat after the first post-secretory processing step consisting to reduce the peptide to the C-terminal thereupon containing 48 residues, from the 63 to the 110 amino acid. And secondly, the cathepsin D with 1,10-phenthroline-sensitive carboxypeptidase still not cited in sweat composition yet and an unidentified endoprotease contribute to further processed the DCD-1L C-terminal to produce other derived-peptides.<ref name = ecoli>Daniel Baechle, Thomas Flad, Alexander Cansier, Heiko Steffen, Birgit Schittek, Jonathan Tolson, Timo Herrmann, Hassan Dihazi􏰀, Alexander Beck, Gerhard A. Mueller􏰀, Margret Mueller, Stefan Stevanovic, Claus Garbe, Claudia A. Mueller, and Hubert Kalbacher. "Cathepsin D Is Present in Human Eccrine Sweat and Involved in the Postsecretory Processing of the Antimicrobial Peptide DCD-1L" J. Biol. Chem. 281, no. 9 (March 3, 2006): 5406-15. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M504670200 </ref> One of them is DCD-1.
 == Structural highlights ==
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 The overall negatively charged DCD-1L is a one amino acid longer DCD-1 and shows beside the antimicrobial activity against [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_ ''Escherichia coli''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_ ''Staphylococcus aureus''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis_ ''Enterococcus faecalis''] additional high fungicidal activity on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans_ ''Candida albicans''].<ref> Schittek, B., Hipfel, R., Sauer, B., Bauer, J., Kalbacher, H., Stevanovic, S., Schirle, M., Schroeder, K., Blin, N., Meier, F., Rassner, G., Garbe, C., 2001. Dermcidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands. Nat Immunol 2, 1133–1137. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni732 </ref> The first three amino acids (SSL) up to the 23th amino acids of DCD-1L is a region which appears to be responsible for the antibacterial activity. The killing of bacteria rises significantly after 2 – 3 hours of incubation which is not driven by a permeabilization of the outer nor inner bacterial membrane.<ref> Steffen, H., Rieg, S., Wiedemann, I., Kalbacher, H., Deeg, M., Sahl, H.-G., Peschel, A., Gotz, F., Garbe, C., Schittek, B., 2006. Naturally Processed Dermcidin-Derived Peptides Do Not Permeabilize Bacterial Membranes and Kill Microorganisms Irrespective of Their Charge. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, 2608–2620. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00181-06 </ref> However, some authors are not in agreement on this with each other<ref> Song, C., Weichbrodt, C., Salnikov, E.S., Dynowski, M., Forsberg, B.O., Bechinger, B., Steinem, C., de Groot, B.L., Zachariae, U., Zeth, K., 2013. Crystal structure and functional mechanism of a human antimicrobial membrane channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, 4586–4591. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214739110 </ref> since it was also detected that DCD-1L creates ion channels into the bacterial membranes promoted by Zn<sup>2+</sup>.<ref> Paulmann, M., Arnold, T., Linke, D., Özdirekcan, S., Kopp, A., Gutsmann, T., Kalbacher, H., Wanke, I., Schuenemann, V.J., Habeck, M., Bürck, J., Ulrich, A.S., Schittek, B., 2012. Structure-Activity Analysis of the Dermcidin-derived Peptide DCD-1L, an Anionic Antimicrobial Peptide Present in Human Sweat. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 8434–8443. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.332270 </ref>
-The derived peptides described in the expression and maturation part modulate the innate immune response according to the micro-organism. Some derived-peptide are effective on particular micro-organism. For exemple, the peptide SSL has a huge and specifically action on ''E. coli'' and ''S.aureus''.
+The derived peptides described in the expression and maturation part modulate the innate immune response according to the micro-organism. Some derived-peptide are effective on particular micro-organism. For exemple, the peptide SSL has a huge and specifically action on ''E. coli'' and ''S.aureus''<ref name = ecoli/>.
 == Related diseases ==