Sandbox Reserved 1626: Difference between revisions

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== Medical Relevance ==

A number of medical conditions all over the body are caused by disruption of the homeostasis of mitochondrial calcium. Diabetes, heart failure, and cancer are just a few members of this broad group of conditions.

A number of medical conditions all over the body are caused by disruption of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis homeostasis] of mitochondrial calcium. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes Diabetes], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure heart failure], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer cancer] are just a few members of this broad group of conditions.

=== Diabetes ===

In healthy individuals, the 𝛽-cells in the pancreas are responsible for sensing the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream and releasing the appropriate amount of insulin in response. While the mechanism of this activation isn't entirely understood, we can explain a large portion of it in the context of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Increased concentration of glucose causes glycolysis in the cell, which increases the amount of ATP. This increase of ATP closes potassium channels in the membrane of the 𝛽-cell which causes depolarization of the membrane. When a certain threshold potential is reached, calcium channels open and create microdomains of calcium below the plasma membrane which allows insulin release by activatin PKC 𝛽-type II. Furthermore, there is a pool of mitochondria in 𝛽-cells near the calcium channels which take in the calcium through the MCU. The mitochondria then create more ATP which sustains and amplifies insulin secretion <ref name="Giorgi" />.

In healthy individuals, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_cell 𝛽-cells] in the pancreas are responsible for sensing the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream and releasing the appropriate amount of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin insulin] in response. While the mechanism of this activation isn't entirely understood, we can explain a large portion of it in the context of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Increased concentration of glucose causes [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis glycolysis]vin the cell, which increases the amount of ATP. This increase of ATP closes potassium channels in the membrane of the 𝛽-cell which causes depolarization of the membrane. When a certain threshold potential is reached, calcium channels open and create microdomains of calcium below the plasma membrane which allows insulin release by activatin PKC 𝛽-type II. Furthermore, there is a pool of mitochondria in 𝛽-cells near the calcium channels which take in the calcium through the MCU. The mitochondria then create more ATP which sustains and amplifies insulin secretion <ref name="Giorgi" />.

Any defect in the MCU affects the homeostasis of calcium in the mitochondria. In this case, it can cause insulin secretion to be diminished which can be a causal factor for diabetes I and II.

Sandbox Reserved 1626: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 == Medical Relevance ==
-A number of medical conditions all over the body are caused by disruption of the homeostasis of mitochondrial calcium.  Diabetes, heart failure, and cancer are just a few members of this broad group of conditions.
+A number of medical conditions all over the body are caused by disruption of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis homeostasis] of mitochondrial calcium.  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes Diabetes], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure heart failure], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer cancer] are just a few members of this broad group of conditions.
 === Diabetes ===
-In healthy individuals, the 𝛽-cells in the pancreas are responsible for sensing the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream and releasing the appropriate amount of insulin in response. While the mechanism of this activation isn't entirely understood, we can explain a large portion of it in the context of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis.  Increased concentration of glucose causes glycolysis in the cell, which increases the amount of ATP.  This increase of ATP closes potassium channels in the membrane of the 𝛽-cell which causes depolarization of the membrane.  When a certain threshold potential is reached, calcium channels open and create microdomains of calcium below the plasma membrane which allows insulin release by activatin PKC 𝛽-type II.  Furthermore, there is a pool of mitochondria in 𝛽-cells near the calcium channels which take in the calcium through the MCU.  The mitochondria then create more ATP which sustains and amplifies insulin secretion <ref name="Giorgi" />.
+In healthy individuals, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_cell 𝛽-cells] in the pancreas are responsible for sensing the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream and releasing the appropriate amount of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin insulin] in response. While the mechanism of this activation isn't entirely understood, we can explain a large portion of it in the context of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis.  Increased concentration of glucose causes [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis glycolysis]vin the cell, which increases the amount of ATP.  This increase of ATP closes potassium channels in the membrane of the 𝛽-cell which causes depolarization of the membrane.  When a certain threshold potential is reached, calcium channels open and create microdomains of calcium below the plasma membrane which allows insulin release by activatin PKC 𝛽-type II.  Furthermore, there is a pool of mitochondria in 𝛽-cells near the calcium channels which take in the calcium through the MCU.  The mitochondria then create more ATP which sustains and amplifies insulin secretion <ref name="Giorgi" />.
 Any defect in the MCU affects the homeostasis of calcium in the mitochondria.  In this case, it can cause insulin secretion to be diminished which can be a causal factor for diabetes I and II.