Sandbox Reserved 895: Difference between revisions

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== '''[1.3] Evolutionary Conservation''' ==

=== '''[1.3.1] Carotenoid Oxygenases''' ===

From an evolutionary standpoint it might be expected that the RPE65 catalytic mechanism would resemble that of the carotenoid oxygenase as sequence homology places RPE65 in the same family as the CCOs, this is not the case. Although the current enzymatic mechanism for RPE65 is only hypothesized with current research, there is not enough experimental evidence to definitively rule out that RPE65 catalyzes its function with molecular oxygen in the isomerization reaction. However, if such were the case the reaction would require even more complex chemistry which is not justifiable by the current scientific evidence. A study by Oberhauser and colleagues in 2008 on NinaB, a member of the CCO family from moths with isomerooxygenase activity was described, indicating that the members of this family originally developed isomerase activity while keeping the carotenoid oxygenase activity. The results of this study suggested a functional link between vertebrate RPE65 and insect NinaB which are both essential for the synthesis of key visual cycle chromophores. The function of NinaB showed that RPE65, a retinoid isomerase in the CCO family, retained the emergent activity that was found in a common ancestor. Comparing the topologies between the enzyme and substrate between NinaB and RPE65 showed that the iron cofactor was not directly involved in the double bond isomerization activity. Although further research would be needed to determine the ancestry of RPE65, it is fascinating to study the evolution and the diversification of protein family in animals by following the trace from a single multifunctional ancestral protein to several highly specialized enzymes seen in vertebrates. <ref> DOI 19020100 </ref>

= References =

Sandbox Reserved 895: Difference between revisions

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 [[Image:RPE65_Figure6_Reacation_mechanism.jpg|thumb|center|512 px|alt=Figure 5: RPE65 Hypothesized Reaction Mechanism| '''Figure 6:''' (A) All-''trans''-retinol (B) Hypothesized RPE65 Reaction Mechanism <ref> DOI 19805034 </ref>]]
+== '''[1.3] Evolutionary Conservation''' ==
+=== '''[1.3.1] Carotenoid Oxygenases'''  ===
+From an evolutionary standpoint it might be expected that the RPE65 catalytic mechanism would resemble that of the carotenoid oxygenase as sequence homology places RPE65 in the same family as the CCOs, this is not the case. Although the current enzymatic mechanism for RPE65 is only hypothesized with current research, there is not enough experimental evidence to definitively rule out that RPE65 catalyzes its function with molecular oxygen in the isomerization reaction. However, if such were the case the reaction would require even more complex chemistry which is not justifiable by the current scientific evidence. A study by Oberhauser and colleagues in 2008 on NinaB, a member of the CCO family from moths with isomerooxygenase activity was described, indicating that the members of this family originally developed isomerase activity while keeping the carotenoid oxygenase activity. The results of this study suggested a functional link between vertebrate RPE65 and insect NinaB which are both essential for the synthesis of key visual cycle chromophores. The function of NinaB showed that RPE65, a retinoid isomerase in the CCO family, retained the emergent activity that was found in a common ancestor. Comparing the topologies between the enzyme and substrate between NinaB and RPE65 showed that the iron cofactor was not directly involved in the double bond isomerization activity. Although further research would be needed to determine the ancestry of RPE65, it is fascinating to study the evolution and the diversification of protein family in animals by following the trace from a single multifunctional ancestral protein to several highly specialized enzymes seen in vertebrates. <ref> DOI 19020100 </ref>
 = References =
 <references/>