Disease
Influenza A causes the infectious respiratory disease Influenza, more commonly known as the Flu.[1] Influenza has several symptoms associated with it: fever, sore throat, runny nose, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue to severe and in some cases lethal pneumonia resultant from either influenza virus or bacterial infection in the lower respiratory tract.[2] The CDC estimated in 2019-2020 that the overall burden of Influenza was 35 million Flu-related illnesses, 16 million Flu-related medical visits, 380,000 Flu-related hospitalizations, and 20,000 Flu-related deaths [1]. The WHO estimated the global impact of annual Flu epidemics resulted in 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness, and about 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory deaths [2]. Multiple types of vaccines against Influenza currently exist: inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV4s), recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4), and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4).[3]
Viral RNA Classification
Influenza A virus consists of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments which are bound by the heterotrimeric viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) and multiple copies of nucleoprotein which form the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex.[4]
Function of RNA Dependent RNA Polymerases
Structural Features
Viral RNA Transcription and Translation
Conservation within Influenza A RDRP
Conclusion Section
Maybe use this to talk about why it is important to know about the RDRP structure and function, such as importance for treatments and vaccine development. (need to ask questions about this section and what specifically to include)
Possible Scenes
1) Scene that shows the nucleotide entry site
2) Scene showing conserved motifs/ residues
3) Scene showing the catalytic site (space-filling to show how things fit) (also highlight the metal ions that are present at the catalytic site)
4) Scene that colors the different subunits, such as PB1
5) Scene that shows the areas that undergo conformation changes, maybe even a scene that shows what the conformation changes are like
- ↑ Krammer F, Smith GJD, Fouchier RAM, Peiris M, Kedzierska K, Doherty PC, Palese P, Shaw ML, Treanor J, Webster RG, Garcia-Sastre A. Influenza. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Jun 28;4(1):3. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y. PMID:29955068 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y
- ↑ Krammer F, Smith GJD, Fouchier RAM, Peiris M, Kedzierska K, Doherty PC, Palese P, Shaw ML, Treanor J, Webster RG, Garcia-Sastre A. Influenza. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Jun 28;4(1):3. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y. PMID:29955068 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y
- ↑ Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Ferdinands JM, Broder KR, Blanton LH, Talbot HK, Fry AM. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021-22 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Aug 27;70(5):1-28. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7005a1. PMID:34448800 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7005a1
- ↑ Te Velthuis AJ, Fodor E. Influenza virus RNA polymerase: insights into the mechanisms of viral RNA synthesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):479-93. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.87. Epub 2016, Jul 11. PMID:27396566 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.87
