Sandbox Reserved 1715

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor

spinqualitylabelsall models Inactive Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 PDB:7epa Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image   Print3D Metabotropic glutamate receptor Introduction Within the central nervous system (CNS), various receptors exist to detect extracellular molecules and thus communicate intracellularly. Found in eukaryotes and known for its seven transmembrane helices, one type of receptor is the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu), a Class C GPCR, is an essential receptor utilized in glutamate signaling. These proteins are specifically found in the pre- and postsynaptic neurons of the CNS. Eight different mGlu subtypes exist which are divided into three groups (I, II, III). While each mGlu has a slightly different function and location, the structures of the different mGlu subtypes are very similar (Table1). For each group, binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the mGlu introduces a conformational change that can activate a G-protein. Group mGlu Type Location Function I mGlu1 mGlu5 Postsynaptic neurons Activates calcium channels Excites adenylyl cyclase II mGlu2 mGlu3 Presynaptic neurons Activates potassium channels Inhibits calcium channels Inhibits adenylyl cyclase III mGlu4 mGlu6 mGlu7 mGlu8 Presynaptic neurons Activates potassium channels Inhibits calcium channels Inhibits adenylyl cyclase In order to activate the mGlu transformation, glutamate acts as the protein’s main agonist. Glutamate is an acidic, polar amino acid. (picture) This agonist binds to the extracellular portion of the protein allowing the homodimer to change conformationally. This change allows for a signaling cascade within the cell that can ultimately lead to the modification of other proteins and a difference in the synapse’s excitability. However, in mGlu, the binding affinity of glutamate is determined by either a positive (PAM) or negative (NAM) allosteric modulator. Structural Highlights mGlu receptors are dimeric proteins consisting of an alpha and beta chain. While a heterodimer of different mGlu subtypes can form, only homodimeric receptors can become active. Both the alpha and beta chains are comprised of 3 domains: the venus fly trap (VFT), cysteine rich domain (CRD), and the transmembrane domain (TMD). Domains VFT: The extracellular location in which the two glutamate agonists bind is known as the VFT. This domain includes a disulfide bond which is shifted down in the inactive form (IMAGE) and undergoes an upward movement upon glutamate binding which stabilizes the active site IMAGE. CRD: The portion of the protomer that connects the VFT with the TMD is known as the CRD. As the linking segment of the protein, is critical in transmitting the conformational change caused by the binding of glutamate to the TMD. The change resulting from the binding of glutamate in the VFT brings the cysteine-rich domain together to alter the configuration of the TMD through its interaction with the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2). This process is mediated by the hydrophobic effect due to the nature of the amino acids at the apex of the CRD.( 3D IMAGE) TMD: The TMD consists of seven transmembrane helices that are responsible for G-protein interactions. In the inactive form, the asymmetric conformation of the helices is mediated by the hydrophobicity of helix 3 and 4. Along with the interaction of the CRD with the ECL2 of the TMD, an allosteric modulator must bind within the transmembrane helices to allow for the confirmation of the helices to be altered. This conformation allows for a dimer interface along helix 6 (citation article 2) . The stabilization of this conformation allows for G protein coupling with ICL2, ICL3, TM Helix 3 and the C terminus. Conformational Changes 1. mGlu starts in an Inactive mGlu. In this conformation, the receptor is considered open with an inter-lobe angle of 44 degrees.The structure has two free binding sites in the VFT, the CRDs are separated, and the TMD is not interacting with a G protein. Figure 1. The interaction between an active mGlu and a G-protein 2. In the intermediate activation state (known as the open-closed conformation), one glutamate is bound in one binding pocket of VFT. This state is still considered inactive as the receptor has not changed the conformations in the CRD and thus the TMD. With the same asymmetric transmembrane helices formation, a TM3-TM4 interface is still present and mGlu cannot interact with a G protein. (IMAGE) 3. A second glutamate binds to the other binding pocket of the VFT. Mediated by L639, F643, N735, W773, and F776, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) also binds within the seven TMD helices of the alpha chain. This closed conformation with an inter-lobe domain of 25 degrees is considered the active conformation. The binding of these ligands allows the CRD to compact and come together. This transformation causes the TMD to form another asymmetric conformation with a TM6-TM6 interface between the chains. 4. The change in the arrangement of the helices allows for intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and the C-terminus to be properly ordered to interact with a G protein. While hydrogen bonding is present, this coupling is primarily driven by the hydrophobic interactions in the interface with the ɑ5 helix of the G protein.. This coupling can only occur in the presence of a PAM as the pocket in which the coupling occurs would be completely closed in its absence. 5. Depending on the type of mGlu present, different signaling cascades will occur within the cell. These cascades are necessary for cellular function and can lead to various diseases. Clinical Relevance Glutamate Bound

Active site interactions

mGlu binding

Active mGlu

Glutamate in active site

Student Contributors

• Courtney Vennekotter
• Cade Chezem