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'''Urinary incontinence''' denotes involuntary bladder urine leakage amongst women commonly with decreased pelvic muscle strength. As the pelvic floor muscles contain high levels of AR, it is a relevant target for SARM therapy <ref name="Steroids" />. | '''Urinary incontinence''' denotes involuntary bladder urine leakage amongst women commonly with decreased pelvic muscle strength. As the pelvic floor muscles contain high levels of AR, it is a relevant target for SARM therapy <ref name="Steroids" />. | ||
====Side effects==== | ====Side effects==== | ||
'''[[Image:Non-steroideal anti-androgens.jpeg | thumb | right ]]''' | |||
Despite the consistent effect demonstrated by SARMs on lean body mass accrual, reductions in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with even low doses seem to be an important concern with these compounds, though it occurs to a lesser extent compared to testosterone <ref name="clinical trials">PMID: 32476495</ref>. | Despite the consistent effect demonstrated by SARMs on lean body mass accrual, reductions in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with even low doses seem to be an important concern with these compounds, though it occurs to a lesser extent compared to testosterone <ref name="clinical trials">PMID: 32476495</ref>. | ||
SARMs administration has also been related to hepatotoxicity and some compounds have shown liver enzymes alterations, the most common adverse events being increases in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase <ref name="clinical trials" />. | SARMs administration has also been related to hepatotoxicity and some compounds have shown liver enzymes alterations, the most common adverse events being increases in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase <ref name="clinical trials" />. | ||
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===Antagonist=== | ===Antagonist=== | ||
These kinds of drugs were developed with the objective to avoid the secondary effects associated with cross reactivity of steroidal ARA, increasing the selectivity and the affinity to the androgen receptor, limiting the association with other steroids nuclear receptors <ref name="bicalutamide" />. Also, their non-steroidal structure improved oral bioavailability being another advantage in comparison with steroidal ARA <ref name="bicalutamide" />. Some examples are flutamide, bicalutamide <ref name="ARA prostate" /><ref name="bicalutamide" /><ref name="Bicalutamide functions">PMID: 12015321</ref><ref name="Unexpected">PMID: 21506597</ref><ref name="nonsteroidal" /><ref name="Role of AR">PMID: 30209899</ref> or apalutamide (ARN-509) <ref name="ARA prostate" /><ref name="Role of AR" />. | These kinds of drugs were developed with the objective to avoid the secondary effects associated with cross reactivity of steroidal ARA, increasing the selectivity and the affinity to the androgen receptor, limiting the association with other steroids nuclear receptors <ref name="bicalutamide" />. Also, their non-steroidal structure improved oral bioavailability being another advantage in comparison with steroidal ARA <ref name="bicalutamide" />. Some examples are flutamide, bicalutamide <ref name="ARA prostate" /><ref name="bicalutamide" /><ref name="Bicalutamide functions">PMID: 12015321</ref><ref name="Unexpected">PMID: 21506597</ref><ref name="nonsteroidal" /><ref name="Role of AR">PMID: 30209899</ref> or apalutamide (ARN-509) <ref name="ARA prostate" /><ref name="Role of AR" />. | ||
====Bicalutamide==== | ====Bicalutamide==== | ||
