Sandbox Reserved 1769: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==

Sodium-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) is a member of the solute carrier membrane transport protein family. It is found within the membrane of [[Image:Bile Salt.png|200 px|right|thumb|Figure 1. Structure of Cholic Acid, an example of a bile acid.]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte hepatocytes], and its primary role is to facilitate the transport of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid bile salts] into hepatocytes from the bloodstream (Figure 1).<Ref name="Goutam"> Goutam K, Ielasi FS, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Reyes N. Structural basis of sodium-dependent bile salt uptake into the liver. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):1015-1020. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z]. </Ref> This is important because 90% of human bile salts are recycled daily, so the function of NTCP is critical in providing bile acids to solubilize fats for digestion. In addition to transporting bile acids into the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, NTCP also serves as an entry point receptor for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B Hepatitis B (HBV)] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_D Hepatitis D (HDV)] viruses (Figure 2).<Ref name="Asami"> Asami J, Kimura KT, Fujita-Fujiharu Y, Ishida H, Zhang Z, Nomura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Sato Y, Ono M, Yamamoto M, Noda T, Shigematsu H, Drew D, Iwata S, Shimizu T, Nomura N, Ohto U. Structure of the bile acid transporter and HBV receptor NTCP. Nature. 2022 Jun; 606 (7916):1021-1026. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4]. </Ref> [[Image:Ntcpmech.jpg|400 px|thumb|Figure 2. Overall NTCP mechanism of both bile acid transport and hepatitis virus cellular entry.]]

Sodium-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) is a member of the solute carrier membrane transport protein family. It is found within the membrane of [[Image:Bile Salt.png|200 px|right|thumb|Figure 1. Structure of Cholic Acid, an example of a bile acid.]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte hepatocytes], and its primary role is to facilitate the transport of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid bile salts] into hepatocytes from the bloodstream (Figure 1).<Ref name="Goutam"> Goutam K, Ielasi FS, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Reyes N. Structural basis of sodium-dependent bile salt uptake into the liver. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):1015-1020. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z]. </Ref> This is important because 90% of human bile salts are recycled daily, so the function of NTCP is critical in providing bile acids to solubilize fats for digestion. In addition to transporting bile acids into the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, NTCP also serves as an entry point receptor for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B Hepatitis B (HBV)] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_D Hepatitis D (HDV)] viruses (Figure 2).<Ref name="Asami"> Asami J, Kimura KT, Fujita-Fujiharu Y, Ishida H, Zhang Z, Nomura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Sato Y, Ono M, Yamamoto M, Noda T, Shigematsu H, Drew D, Iwata S, Shimizu T, Nomura N, Ohto U. Structure of the bile acid transporter and HBV receptor NTCP. Nature. 2022 Jun; 606 (7916):1021-1026. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4]. </Ref> [[Image:Ntcpmech.jpg|400 px|thumb|Figure 2. Overall NTCP mechanism of both bile acid transport and hepatitis virus cellular entry. Bile salts and HBV/HDV viruses bind to NTCP. Upon bile salt binding, NTCP transitions into a different conformation, releasing the bile salt into the cytoplasm. Transport of viral particles occurs via endocytosis of NTCP.]]

== Structure ==

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 == Introduction ==
-Sodium-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) is a member of the solute carrier membrane transport protein family. It is found within the membrane of [[Image:Bile Salt.png|200 px|right|thumb|Figure 1. Structure of Cholic Acid, an example of a bile acid.]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte hepatocytes], and its primary role is to facilitate the transport of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid bile salts] into hepatocytes from the bloodstream (Figure 1).<Ref name="Goutam"> Goutam K, Ielasi FS, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Reyes N. Structural basis of sodium-dependent bile salt uptake into the liver. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):1015-1020. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z]. </Ref> This is important because 90% of human bile salts  are recycled daily, so the function of NTCP is critical in providing bile acids to solubilize fats for digestion. In addition to transporting bile acids into the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, NTCP also serves as an entry point receptor for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B Hepatitis B (HBV)] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_D Hepatitis D (HDV)] viruses (Figure 2).<Ref name="Asami"> Asami J, Kimura KT, Fujita-Fujiharu Y, Ishida H, Zhang Z, Nomura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Sato Y, Ono M, Yamamoto M, Noda T, Shigematsu H, Drew D, Iwata S, Shimizu T, Nomura N, Ohto U. Structure of the bile acid transporter and HBV receptor NTCP. Nature. 2022 Jun; 606 (7916):1021-1026. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4]. </Ref> [[Image:Ntcpmech.jpg|400 px|thumb|Figure 2. Overall NTCP mechanism of both bile acid transport and hepatitis virus cellular entry.]]
+Sodium-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) is a member of the solute carrier membrane transport protein family. It is found within the membrane of [[Image:Bile Salt.png|200 px|right|thumb|Figure 1. Structure of Cholic Acid, an example of a bile acid.]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte hepatocytes], and its primary role is to facilitate the transport of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid bile salts] into hepatocytes from the bloodstream (Figure 1).<Ref name="Goutam"> Goutam K, Ielasi FS, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Reyes N. Structural basis of sodium-dependent bile salt uptake into the liver. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):1015-1020. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z]. </Ref> This is important because 90% of human bile salts  are recycled daily, so the function of NTCP is critical in providing bile acids to solubilize fats for digestion. In addition to transporting bile acids into the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, NTCP also serves as an entry point receptor for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B Hepatitis B (HBV)] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_D Hepatitis D (HDV)] viruses (Figure 2).<Ref name="Asami"> Asami J, Kimura KT, Fujita-Fujiharu Y, Ishida H, Zhang Z, Nomura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Sato Y, Ono M, Yamamoto M, Noda T, Shigematsu H, Drew D, Iwata S, Shimizu T, Nomura N, Ohto U. Structure of the bile acid transporter and HBV receptor NTCP. Nature. 2022 Jun; 606 (7916):1021-1026. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4]. </Ref> [[Image:Ntcpmech.jpg|400 px|thumb|Figure 2. Overall NTCP mechanism of both bile acid transport and hepatitis virus cellular entry. Bile salts and HBV/HDV viruses bind to NTCP. Upon bile salt binding, NTCP transitions into a different conformation, releasing the bile salt into the cytoplasm. Transport of viral particles occurs via endocytosis of NTCP.]]
 == Structure ==