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===Disease===
===Disease===
B-cells and their respective receptors play an important role in the immune response. Misregulation can lead to damaging consequences. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease Autoimmune diseases] develop when somatic cells are recognized as foreign antigens and the body tries to eliminate them <Ref name="Yanaba K">Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev. 2008 Jun;223:284-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x. PMID: 18613843. </Ref>. B-cell receptors are hypothesized to be an essential part of autoimmune disease development due to BCR function and role in the immune systems. B-cell receptors are improperly recognizing somatic cells from different tissues depending on the disease and elicit the production of antibodies against them ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantibody autoantibodies])<Ref name="Yanaba K">Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev. 2008 Jun;223:284-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x. PMID: 18613843. </Ref>. This causes destruction of these cell types. Examples of these diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis rheumatoid arthritis] where the lining of joints is targeted and degraded, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis multiple sclerosis] which targets the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes type 1 diabetes mellitus] where the insulin producing cells are targeted for destruction, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus systematic lupus erythematosus] where multiple organ systems are targeted (skin, brain, lungs, and kidneys are common targets) <Ref name="Yanaba K">Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev. 2008 Jun;223:284-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x. PMID: 18613843. </Ref>.  Research on B-cells therefore has high importance in medicine and its advancement.
B-cells and their respective receptors play an important role in the immune response. Misregulation can lead to damaging consequences. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease Autoimmune diseases] develop when somatic cells are recognized as foreign antigens and the body tries to eliminate them <Ref name="Yanaba K">Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev. 2008 Jun;223:284-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x. PMID: 18613843. </Ref>. B-cell receptors are hypothesized to be an essential part of autoimmune disease development due to BCR function and role in the immune systems. In autoimmune diseases, BCRs improperly recognize somatic cells from different tissues and elicit the production of([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantibody autoantibodies])<Ref name="Yanaba K">Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev. 2008 Jun;223:284-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x. PMID: 18613843. </Ref>, causing the destruction of these cell types. Examples of these diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis rheumatoid arthritis] where the lining of joints is targeted and degraded, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis multiple sclerosis] which targets the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes type 1 diabetes mellitus] where the insulin producing cells are targeted for destruction, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus systematic lupus erythematosus] where multiple organ systems are targeted (skin, brain, lungs, and kidneys are common targets) <Ref name="Yanaba K">Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev. 2008 Jun;223:284-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x. PMID: 18613843. </Ref>.   


===Therapeutics===
===Therapeutics===
Current approaches to treatments include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones or molecules that are reduced from disease where immunosuppressive therapies consist of treatment to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. This includes drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another possible mechanism that aims to have cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. In general, the approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases aims to improve the quality of live and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure.
Current approaches to treatments of these autoimmune diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones or molecules that are reduced from disease. Immunosuppressive therapies instead treat disease symptoms to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Immunosuppressive therapies include drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another therapeutic avenue. In gene therapy, cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. Currently, the majority of treatment for autoimmune diseases aim to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure.




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