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== Function ==
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CIF_PHOLL CIF_PHOLL] Protein-glutamine deamidase effector that inhibits the host cell cycle and other key cellular processes such as the actin network and programmed-cell death (PubMed:19308257, PubMed:19225106, PubMed:20870031). Acts by mediating the side chain deamidation of 'Gln-40' of host NEDD8, converting it to glutamate, thereby abolishing the activity of cullin-RING-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes (CRL complexes) (By similarity). Inactivation of CRL complexes prevents ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN1A/p21 and CDKN1B/p27, leading to G1 and G2 cell cycle arrests in host cells (PubMed:19308257). Deamidation of 'Gln-40' of host NEDD8 also triggers macrophage-specific programmed cell death (By similarity). Also able to catalyze deamidation of 'Gln-40' of host ubiquitin in vitro; however, NEDD8 constitutes the preferred substrate in vivo (By similarity).[UniProtKB:Q63KH5]<ref>PMID:19225106</ref> <ref>PMID:19308257</ref> <ref>PMID:20870031</ref>  
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CIF_PHOLL CIF_PHOLL] Protein-glutamine deamidase effector that inhibits the host cell cycle and other key cellular processes such as the actin network and programmed-cell death (PubMed:19308257, PubMed:19225106, PubMed:20870031). Acts by mediating the side chain deamidation of 'Gln-40' of host NEDD8, converting it to glutamate, thereby abolishing the activity of cullin-RING-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes (CRL complexes) (By similarity). Inactivation of CRL complexes prevents ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN1A/p21 and CDKN1B/p27, leading to G1 and G2 cell cycle arrests in host cells (PubMed:19308257). Deamidation of 'Gln-40' of host NEDD8 also triggers macrophage-specific programmed cell death (By similarity). Also able to catalyze deamidation of 'Gln-40' of host ubiquitin in vitro; however, NEDD8 constitutes the preferred substrate in vivo (By similarity).[UniProtKB:Q63KH5]<ref>PMID:19225106</ref> <ref>PMID:19308257</ref> <ref>PMID:20870031</ref>  
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
A pre-requisite for bacterial pathogenesis is the successful interaction of a pathogen with a host. One mechanism used by a broad range of Gram negative bacterial pathogens is to deliver effector proteins directly into host cells through a dedicated type III secretion system where they modulate host cell function. The cycle inhibiting factor (Cif) family of effector proteins, identified in a growing number of pathogens that harbour functional type III secretion systems and have a wide host range, arrest the eukaryotic cell cycle. Here, the crystal structures of Cifs from the insect pathogen/nematode symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens (a gamma-proteobacterium) and human pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei (a beta-proteobacterium) are presented. Both of these proteins adopt an overall fold similar to the papain sub-family of cysteine proteases, as originally identified in the structure of a truncated form of Cif from Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), despite sharing only limited sequence identity. The structure of an N-terminal region, referred to here as the 'tail-domain' (absent in the EPEC Cif structure), suggests a surface likely to be involved in host-cell substrate recognition. The conformation of the Cys-His-Gln catalytic triad is retained, and the essential cysteine is exposed to solvent and addressable by small molecule reagents. These structures and biochemical work contribute to the rapidly expanding literature on Cifs, and direct further studies to better understand the molecular details of the activity of these proteins.
Crystal structures of Cif from bacterial pathogens Photorhabdus luminescens and Burkholderia pseudomallei.,Crow A, Race PR, Jubelin G, Varela Chavez C, Escoubas JM, Oswald E, Banfield MJ PLoS ONE. 2009;4(5):e5582. Epub 2009 May 18. PMID:19440549<ref>PMID:19440549</ref>
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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== References ==
== References ==
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