Engineered Protein Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Difference between revisions

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SARS-CoV-2 better known as Covid-19 sent the world into a global pandemic due to its rapid transmission and infection <ref name=”WHO”>https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19</ref>. In order to create a vaccine, it was essential to understand how SARS-CoV-2 infected us.  
SARS-CoV-2 better known as Covid-19 sent the world into a global pandemic due to its rapid transmission and infection <ref name=”WHO”>https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19</ref>. In order to create a vaccine, it was essential to understand how SARS-CoV-2 infected us.  


The enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme 2 <scene name='10/1077473/Ace2_only/1'>(ACE2)</scene> is attached to our cell membranes and then can be bound to a receptor binding domain <scene name='10/1077473/Rbd_only/2'>(RBD)</scene> <ref name="Borkotoky">DOI:10.1007/s11033-022-08193-4</ref>. The virus, SARS-CoV-2, enters our bodies containing a spike protein protruding from the viral membrane. The RBD on the end of the spike protein <scene name='10/1076049/Ace2andrbd/1'>binds to ACE2</scene> giving SARS-CoV-2 the ability to enter our host cells <ref name=”Jackson”>DOI:10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x</ref>. Once the spike protein has access to our host cells, it is able to further infect our cells and spread the virus throughout our bodies, causing us to get sick. Figure 1 demonstrates the path SARS-CoV-2 takes to get into our cells. In order to create an effective vaccine, the pathway between the spike protein and the RBD needed to be [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354223000190 interrupted].
The enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme 2 <scene name='10/1077473/Ace2_only/3'>(ACE2)</scene> is attached to our cell membranes and then can be bound to a receptor binding domain <scene name='10/1077473/Rbd_only/2'>(RBD)</scene> <ref name="Borkotoky">DOI:10.1007/s11033-022-08193-4</ref>. The virus, SARS-CoV-2, enters our bodies containing a spike protein protruding from the viral membrane. The RBD on the end of the spike protein <scene name='10/1076049/Ace2andrbd/1'>binds to ACE2</scene> giving SARS-CoV-2 the ability to enter our host cells <ref name=”Jackson”>DOI:10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x</ref>. Once the spike protein has access to our host cells, it is able to further infect our cells and spread the virus throughout our bodies, causing us to get sick. Figure 1 demonstrates the path SARS-CoV-2 takes to get into our cells. In order to create an effective vaccine, the pathway between the spike protein and the RBD needed to be [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354223000190 interrupted].




==Vaccines==
==Vaccines==
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine vaccine] activates the body’s immune system by containing weakened parts of viruses. This activation stimulates the production of antibodies. <scene name='10/1077473/Antibody_overview/2'>Antibodies</scene> then compete with the ACE2 protein for the binding of viral spike proteins. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, once they enter the body they <scene name='10/1077473/Antibody/4'>bind</scene>
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine vaccine] activates the body’s immune system by containing weakened parts of viruses. This activation stimulates the production of antibodies. <scene name='10/1077473/Antibody_overview/3'>Antibodies</scene> then compete with the ACE2 protein for the binding of viral spike proteins. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, once they enter the body they <scene name='10/1077473/Antibody/5'>bind</scene>
to the Fab fragment of the antibody, a 90% neutralizing response for targeting the RBD is created. In this scene only the Fab fragment is being shown due to the fact that the Fab fragment is the part of the antibody that interacts with the RBD. With this being said, this method of treatment is difficult for long term use due to the evolution of the viral cells <ref name="Zhang">DOI:10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00011-3</ref>.  
to the Fab fragment of the antibody, a 90% neutralizing response for targeting the RBD is created. In this scene only the Fab fragment is being shown due to the fact that the Fab fragment is the part of the antibody that interacts with the RBD. With this being said, this method of treatment is difficult for long term use due to the evolution of the viral cells <ref name="Zhang">DOI:10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00011-3</ref>.  


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