Atropine: Difference between revisions

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<table style="background-color:#ffffc0" cellpadding="8" width="95%" border="0"><tr><td>Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox until after May 10, 2011. Sandbox ~~100~~ is reserved until then for use by Lindsey Hayes - Messiah College, Grantham, PA (under the supervision of Dr. Hannah Tims).</td></tr>

<table style="background-color:#ffffc0" cellpadding="8" width="95%" border="0"><tr><td>Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox until after May 10, 2011. Sandbox 53 is reserved until then for use by Lindsey Hayes - Messiah College, Grantham, PA (under the supervision of Dr. Hannah Tims).</td></tr>

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[[Image:Atropine structure.jpg]]<ref> Image from: http://www.imctt-cw.org/pages/nerveagents.htm </ref>

Atropine is an alkaloid drug derived from levohyscocyamine, a plant compound found in the family Solanaceae<ref> Atropine. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42015/atropine</ref>. It's chemical name is 8-methyl-8-azabicycolo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate, and the most common medicinal form of atropine is atrophine sulfate ((C17H23NO3)2·H2SO4·H2O)<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It is a competitive inhibitor of both acetylcholine and phospholipase 2 and has a variety of effects on both humans and animals. ~~Although~~ it is ~~poisonous~~, ~~in the correct dosages it has a wide variety of medical uses in both human~~ and ~~veterinary medicine~~, and ~~can be given orally, through IV fluids, or rectally~~.

Atropine is an alkaloid drug derived from levohyscocyamine, a plant compound found in the family Solanaceae<ref> Atropine. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42015/atropine</ref>. It's chemical name is 8-methyl-8-azabicycolo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate, and the most common medicinal form of atropine is atrophine sulfate ((C17H23NO3)2·H2SO4·H2O)<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It is a competitive inhibitor of both acetylcholine and phospholipase 2 and has a variety of effects on both humans and animals. In humans, it is metabolized approximately 50%, hydrolyzed to tropine and toropic acid, and the remaining unchanged drug is excreted in the urine<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>.

~~=== Function===~~

As a plant compound, Atropine has been used for hundreds of years. Its first recorded use was in the 4th year of B.C.E, where it was used to treat wounds, gout, sleeplessnes, and was even thought to be a love potion<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It was also used by Cleopatra and women in the Renaissance era to dilate their pupils to give them a more beautiful appearance<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It has since been studied extensively and, although it is inherently poisonous, it is now used for a wide spectrum of medical ailments. It can be given orally, intravenously, rectally, or subcutaneously (in animals).

Atropine is part of the tropane group alkaloid family, which includes other substances such as cocaine. Atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors, blocking the action of acetylcholine and therefore suppressing the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. The protein structure of acetycholine receptor can be seen on the right.

=== Function and Basic Mechanism ===

Atropine is part of the tropane group alkaloid family, which includes other substances such as cocaine. Atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors, blocking the action of acetylcholine and therefore suppressing the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. The protein structure of acetycholine receptor can be seen on the right. Although there is not a PDB ID for atropine in complex with the acetylcholine receptor, it is important to understand the structure of the acetylcholine receptor, and subsequently, how atropine and other alkaloids interact with it. One can see that each color in the current model represents a portion of the complex protien, which contains five domains. The <scene name='Sandbox_53/Achr_hydrophobicity/1'>hydrophobic</scene> regions can then be displayed in gray, while the hydrophillic regions appear purple. This shows a transmembrane alpha-helix region in the center of the molecule, a large hydrophillic complex on the exoplasmic face of the protein, and another hydrophillic region on the cystolic face of the protein.

In humans, it is metabolized approximately 50%, hydrolyzed to tropine and toropic acid, and the remaining unchanged drug is excreted in the urine<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>.

[[Image:Synapse.jpg]] <ref>Image from: http://www.neurevolution.net/category/history/page/2/ </ref>

The image above depicts a synapse. A neurotransmitter, such as acetylcholine, goes across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptor. Atropine inhibits the effect of acetylcholine by ~~binding to~~ the acetylcholine receptor on the other side of the cleft, ~~also known as competitive inhibition~~.

The image above depicts a synapse. A neurotransmitter, such as acetylcholine, goes across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptor. Atropine inhibits the effect of acetylcholine by complexing the acetylcholine receptor on the other side of the cleft, subsequently inhibiting the binding of acetylcholine to the receptor and inhibiting its effects.

==== Medical Uses ====

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-<table style="background-color:#ffffc0" cellpadding="8" width="95%" border="0"><tr><td>Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox until after May 10, 2011. Sandbox 100 is reserved until then for use by Lindsey Hayes - Messiah College, Grantham, PA (under the supervision of Dr. Hannah Tims).</td></tr>
+<table style="background-color:#ffffc0" cellpadding="8" width="95%" border="0"><tr><td>Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox until after May 10, 2011. Sandbox 53 is reserved until then for use by Lindsey Hayes - Messiah College, Grantham, PA (under the supervision of Dr. Hannah Tims).</td></tr>
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 [[Image:Atropine structure.jpg]]<ref> Image from: http://www.imctt-cw.org/pages/nerveagents.htm </ref>
-Atropine is an alkaloid drug derived from levohyscocyamine, a plant compound found in the family Solanaceae<ref> Atropine. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42015/atropine</ref>. It's chemical name is 8-methyl-8-azabicycolo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate, and the most common medicinal form of atropine is atrophine sulfate ((C17H23NO3)2·H2SO4·H2O)<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It is a competitive inhibitor of both acetylcholine and phospholipase 2 and has a variety of effects on both humans and animals. Although it is poisonous, in the correct dosages it has a wide variety of medical uses in both human and veterinary medicine, and can be given orally, through IV fluids, or rectally.
+Atropine is an alkaloid drug derived from levohyscocyamine, a plant compound found in the family Solanaceae<ref> Atropine. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42015/atropine</ref>. It's chemical name is 8-methyl-8-azabicycolo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate, and the most common medicinal form of atropine is atrophine sulfate ((C17H23NO3)2·H2SO4·H2O)<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It is a competitive inhibitor of both acetylcholine and phospholipase 2 and has a variety of effects on both humans and animals. In humans, it is metabolized approximately 50%, hydrolyzed to tropine and toropic acid, and the remaining unchanged drug is excreted in the urine<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>.
-=== Function===
+As a plant compound, Atropine has been used for hundreds of years. Its first recorded use was in the 4th year of B.C.E, where it was used to treat wounds, gout, sleeplessnes, and was even thought to be a love potion<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It was also used by Cleopatra and women in the Renaissance era to dilate their pupils to give them a more beautiful appearance<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It has since been studied extensively and, although it is inherently poisonous, it is now used for a wide spectrum of medical ailments. It can be given orally, intravenously, rectally, or subcutaneously (in animals).
-Atropine is part of the tropane group alkaloid family, which includes other substances such as cocaine. Atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors, blocking the action of acetylcholine and therefore suppressing the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. The protein structure of acetycholine receptor can be seen on the right.
+=== Function and Basic Mechanism ===
+Atropine is part of the tropane group alkaloid family, which includes other substances such as cocaine. Atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors, blocking the action of acetylcholine and therefore suppressing the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. The protein structure of acetycholine receptor can be seen on the right. Although there is not a PDB ID for atropine in complex with the acetylcholine receptor, it is important to understand the structure of the acetylcholine receptor, and subsequently, how atropine and other alkaloids interact with it. One can see that each color in the current model represents a portion of the complex protien, which contains five domains. The <scene name='Sandbox_53/Achr_hydrophobicity/1'>hydrophobic</scene> regions can then be displayed in gray, while the hydrophillic regions appear purple. This shows a transmembrane alpha-helix region in the center of the molecule, a large hydrophillic complex on the exoplasmic face of the protein, and another hydrophillic region on the cystolic face of the protein.
-In humans, it is metabolized approximately 50%, hydrolyzed to tropine and toropic acid, and the remaining unchanged drug is excreted in the urine<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>.
 [[Image:Synapse.jpg]] <ref>Image from: http://www.neurevolution.net/category/history/page/2/ </ref>
-The image above depicts a synapse. A neurotransmitter, such as acetylcholine, goes across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptor. Atropine inhibits the effect of acetylcholine by binding to the acetylcholine receptor on the other side of the cleft, also known as competitive inhibition.
+The image above depicts a synapse. A neurotransmitter, such as acetylcholine, goes across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptor. Atropine inhibits the effect of acetylcholine by complexing the acetylcholine receptor on the other side of the cleft, subsequently inhibiting the binding of acetylcholine to the receptor and inhibiting its effects.
 ==== Medical Uses ====