Sandbox Reserved 403: Difference between revisions
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== ''Clostidium tetani'' == | == ''Clostidium tetani'' == | ||
The gram positive bacilli ''Clostridium tetani'' is the bacteria responsible for the disease state of tetanus. The presence of the bacteria does not cause the disease but instead the toxins it produces cause the disease state. ''C. tetani'' produces two toxins; tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Tetanolysin is a cytolysin that increases the permeability of cellular membranes through cell lysis.<ref> PMID: 2404569</ref> Tetanospasmin is the cause of tetanus and is sometimes referred to as tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), as it acts on the central nervous system. Tetanospasmin makes its way to the central nervous system via retrograde axonal flow beginning with α- motor neurons found in muscle and ending by binding to gangliosides found in the central nervous system.<ref> Bizzini B. Tetanus Toxin. Microbiological Reviews.1979 June;43(2):224-236.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281472/pdf/microrev00006-0112.pdf?tool=pmcentrez]</ref> | The gram positive bacilli ''Clostridium tetani'' is the bacteria responsible for the disease state of tetanus. The presence of the bacteria does not cause the disease but instead the toxins it produces cause the disease state. ''C. tetani'' produces two toxins; tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Tetanolysin is a cytolysin that increases the permeability of cellular membranes through cell lysis.<ref> PMID: 2404569</ref> Tetanospasmin is the cause of tetanus and is sometimes referred to as tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), as it acts on the central nervous system. Tetanospasmin makes its way to the central nervous system via retrograde axonal flow beginning with α- motor neurons found in muscle and ending by binding to gangliosides found in the central nervous system(CNS).<ref> Bizzini B. Tetanus Toxin. Microbiological Reviews.1979 June;43(2):224-236.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281472/pdf/microrev00006-0112.pdf?tool=pmcentrez]</ref> | ||
[[Image:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Mechanism of Action for Tetanospasmin.<ref> Mechanism of Action of Tetanospasmin (Dr. Arnab K Rana) [image on the internet]. 2005[updated 2005 Dec 26; cited 2011 Apr 20]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.gif</ref>]] | [[Image:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Mechanism of Action for Tetanospasmin.<ref> Mechanism of Action of Tetanospasmin (Dr. Arnab K Rana) [image on the internet]. 2005[updated 2005 Dec 26; cited 2011 Apr 20]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.gif</ref>]] | ||
== Retrograde Axonal Transport == | |||
After internalization into the α-motor neuron membrane TeNT is transported via retrograde axonal transport. Retrograde axonal transport is a normal process within the cell membranes of neurons that allows them to remove and recycle cellular debris from axons. Two organelles have been identified as retrograde carriers within axons: round vesicles and tubulo-vesicular structures. These structures work to protect TeNT from lysosomal degradation and acidification, delivering it to the inhibitory interneurons of the CNS in a fully active form. These particular organelles may attach TeNT by a neutrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR), which is used in the retrograde transport Nerve Growth Factor (NGF).<ref>PMID:11807088</ref> | |||
== Gangliosides == | == Gangliosides == | ||
