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===calmoduline===

Calmodulin (CaM) is an important protein that intervenes in a wide range of activities. Indeed, it is a small (16.7 kDa=148 aa) and highly conserved protein that is necessary in all eukaryotic cells because it represents an essential calcium sensor with troponin C its isoform. Calmodulin contains four Ca2+ binding sites and the binding of calcium induces a conformational change in calmodulin that can cause the activation of key enzymes such as kinases or phosphatases proteins (especially phosphorylase kinases) which are not necessarily themselves Ca2+-sensitive and allows a large diversity of cellular response.

==Calmodulin structure==

Calmodulin is able to bind a large range of target molecules. This property is due to its particularly flexible structure that confers the capacity to change its conformation according to the concentration of calcium in the cell. The calmodulin structure has been determined by RMN. This method reveals that calmodulin is a long molecule which looks like a dumbbell because it contains two globular domains (the N-lobe and the C-lobe) linked by a flexible α-helix. Each lobe contains a pair of helix-loop-helix motifs (called EF-hand) that can bind two Ca2+ ions. However those lobes do not have the same properties because the C-lobe has higher Ca2+ affinity than the N-lobe. The two EF-hands are located in the vicinity of each other. Those neighboring sited are very likely to structurally influence each other upon Ca2+ binding to one of them.

The affinity of the individual Ca2+ ion binding sites are in the range 10-5-10-6 mol.L-1 and adjacent sites bind Ca2+ with positive cooperativity, so that attachment of the first Ca2+ ion enhances the affinity of its neighbour. This has the effect of making the protein sensitive to small changes in the concentration of Ca2+ within the signaling range. Ca2+-calmodulin itself has no intrinsic catalytic activity. Its action depends on its close association with a target enzyme.

== External Resources ==

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 ===calmoduline===
 <Structure load='3CLN' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Insert caption here' scene='Insert optional scene name here' />
+Calmodulin (CaM) is an important protein that intervenes in a wide range of activities. Indeed, it is a small (16.7 kDa=148 aa) and highly conserved protein that is necessary in all eukaryotic cells because it represents an essential calcium sensor with troponin C its isoform. Calmodulin contains four Ca2+ binding sites and the binding of calcium induces a conformational change in calmodulin that can cause the activation of key enzymes such as kinases or phosphatases proteins (especially phosphorylase kinases) which are not necessarily themselves Ca2+-sensitive and allows a large diversity of cellular response.
+==Calmodulin structure==
+Calmodulin is able to bind a large range of target molecules. This property is due to its particularly flexible structure that confers the capacity to change its conformation according to the concentration of calcium in the cell. The calmodulin structure has been determined by RMN. This method reveals that calmodulin is a long molecule which looks like a dumbbell because it contains two globular domains (the N-lobe and the C-lobe) linked by a flexible α-helix. Each lobe contains a pair of helix-loop-helix motifs (called EF-hand) that can bind two Ca2+ ions. However those lobes do not have the same properties because the C-lobe has higher Ca2+ affinity than the N-lobe. The two EF-hands are located in the vicinity of each other. Those neighboring sited are very likely to structurally influence each other upon Ca2+ binding to one of them.
+The affinity of the individual Ca2+ ion binding sites are in the range 10-5-10-6 mol.L-1 and adjacent sites bind Ca2+ with positive cooperativity, so that attachment of the first Ca2+ ion enhances the affinity of its neighbour. This has the effect of making the protein sensitive to small changes in the concentration of Ca2+ within the signaling range. Ca2+-calmodulin itself has no intrinsic catalytic activity. Its action depends on its close association with a target enzyme.
 == External Resources ==