Sandbox Reserved 427: Difference between revisions

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Insulin receptors are found in many diverse organisms organisms, from cnidarians and insects to humans. In humans, correctly functioning insulin receptors are essential for maintaining glucose levels in the blood. The insulin receptor also has role in growth and development (through insulin growth factor II); studies have shown that signalling through IGF2 plays a role in the mediation embryonic growth (Kitamura et al).

In everyday function, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) binding leads to increase in the high-affinity glucose transporter (Glut4) molecules on the outer membrane of the cell in muscle and adipose tissue. Glut4 mediates the transport of glucose into the cell, so an increase in Glut4 leads to increased glucose uptake.

In everyday function, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) binding leads to increase in the high-affinity glucose transporter (Glut4) molecules on the outer membrane of the cell in muscle and adipose tissue. Glut4 mediates the transport of glucose into the cell, so an increase in Glut4 leads to increased glucose uptake. Insulin has two different receptor-binding surfaces on opposite sides of the molecule, that interact with two different <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_427/Rcb_ectodomain_dimer/1'>sites on the insulin receptor</scene>. The first binding insulin surface interacts with a site on the L1 module as well as a 12-amino-acid peptide from the insert in Fn2. The second binding site consistes of resides on the C-terminal portion of L2 and in the Fn1 and Fn2 modules <ref>PMID: 2657531</ref>

Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is essential for appropriate life-sustaining metabolic function, and insulin receptor malfunction is associated with several severe diseases. Insulin insensitivity, or decreased insulin receptor signalling, leads to diabetes mellitus type 2. Type 2 diabetes is also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult onset diabetes, and is believed to be caused by a combination of obesity and genetic predisposition. In type 2 diabetes, cells are unable to uptake glucose due to decreased insulin receptor signaling, which leads to hyperglycemia (increased circulating glucose). Type 2 diabetes can be managed with dietary and lifestyle modifications to aid in proper metabolism.

Sandbox Reserved 427: Difference between revisions

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 Insulin receptors are found in many diverse organisms organisms, from cnidarians and insects to humans. In humans, correctly functioning insulin receptors are essential for maintaining glucose levels in the blood. The insulin receptor also has role in growth and development (through insulin growth factor II); studies have shown that signalling through IGF2 plays a role in the mediation embryonic growth (Kitamura et al).
-In everyday function, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) binding leads to increase in the high-affinity glucose transporter (Glut4) molecules on the outer membrane of the cell in muscle and adipose tissue. Glut4 mediates the transport of glucose into the cell, so an increase in Glut4 leads to increased glucose uptake.
+In everyday function, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) binding leads to increase in the high-affinity glucose transporter (Glut4) molecules on the outer membrane of the cell in muscle and adipose tissue. Glut4 mediates the transport of glucose into the cell, so an increase in Glut4 leads to increased glucose uptake. Insulin has two different receptor-binding surfaces on opposite sides of the molecule, that interact with two different <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_427/Rcb_ectodomain_dimer/1'>sites on the insulin receptor</scene>. The first binding insulin surface interacts with a site on the <span style="color:blue">L1 module</span> as well as a 12-amino-acid peptide from the insert in <span style="color:red">Fn2</span>. The second binding site consistes of resides on the C-terminal portion of <span style="color:aqua">L2</span> and in the <span style="color:fuschia">Fn1</span> and <span style="color:red">Fn2</span> modules <ref>PMID: 2657531</ref>
 Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is essential for appropriate life-sustaining metabolic function, and insulin receptor malfunction is associated with several severe diseases. Insulin insensitivity, or decreased insulin receptor signalling, leads to diabetes mellitus type 2. Type 2 diabetes is also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult onset diabetes, and is believed to be caused by a combination of obesity and genetic predisposition. In type 2 diabetes, cells are unable to uptake glucose due to decreased insulin receptor signaling, which leads to hyperglycemia (increased circulating glucose). Type 2 diabetes can be managed with dietary and lifestyle modifications to aid in proper metabolism.