Papain: Difference between revisions
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==Common Uses== | ==Common Uses== | ||
[[Image:RX2.jpg|200px|right|thumb|<ref>[http://www.123rf.com/photo_10020414_medical-symbol-rx.html] RX </ref>]] | |||
===Medicinal=== | ===Medicinal=== | ||
Papain has been used for a plethora of medicinal purposes including treating inflammation, shingles, diarrhea, psoriasis, parasites, and many others.<ref name="Web MD">[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-69-PAPAIN.aspx?activeIngredientId=69&activeIngredientName=PAPAIN] Web MD </ref> | Papain has been used for a plethora of medicinal purposes including treating inflammation, shingles, diarrhea, psoriasis, parasites, and many others.<ref name="Web MD">[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-69-PAPAIN.aspx?activeIngredientId=69&activeIngredientName=PAPAIN] Web MD </ref> One major use is the treatment of cutaneous ulcers including diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers. Pressures ulcers plague many bed bound individuals and are a major source of pain and discomfort. Two papain based topical drugs are Accuzyme and Panafil, which can be used to treat wounds like cutaneous ulcers.<ref>[http://www.pbm.va.gov/Clinical%20Guidance/Drug%20Monographs/Papain%20Urea.pdf] National PBM Drug Monograph </ref> | ||
A recent New York Times article featured papain and other digestive enzymes. With the number of individuals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal issues, many people are turning toward natural digestive aid supplements like papain. The author even talks about the use of papain along with a pineapple enzyme, bromelain, in cosmetic facial masks. Dr. Adam R. Kolker (a plastic surgeon) is quoted in the article saying that "For skin that is sensitive, enzymes are wonderful." He bases these claims off the idea that proteases like papain help to break peptide bonds holding dead skin cells to the live skin cells.<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/fashion/enzymes-once-sidelined-try-to-grab-the-spotlight.html] Enzymes Try to Grab the Spotlight </ref> | A recent New York Times article featured papain and other digestive enzymes. With the number of individuals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal issues, many people are turning toward natural digestive aid supplements like papain. The author even talks about the use of papain along with a pineapple enzyme, bromelain, in cosmetic facial masks. Dr. Adam R. Kolker (a plastic surgeon) is quoted in the article saying that "For skin that is sensitive, enzymes are wonderful." He bases these claims off the idea that proteases like papain help to break peptide bonds holding dead skin cells to the live skin cells.<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/fashion/enzymes-once-sidelined-try-to-grab-the-spotlight.html] Enzymes Try to Grab the Spotlight </ref> | ||
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===Commercial and Biomedical=== | ===Commercial and Biomedical=== | ||
Papain digests most proteins, often more extensively than pancreatic proteases. It has a very broad specificity and is known to cleave peptide bonds of basic amino acids and leucine and glycine residues, but prefers amino acids with large hydrophobic side chains. This non-specific nature of papain's hydrolase activity has led to its use in many and varied commercial products. It is often used as a meat tenderizer because it can hydrolyze the peptide bonds of collagen, elastin, and actomyosin. It is also used in contact lens solution to remove protein deposits on the lenses and marketed as a digestive supplement. <ref name="Web MD"> Finally, papain has several common uses in general biomedical research, including a gentle cell isolation agent, production of glycopeptides from purified proteoglycans, and solubilization of integral membrane proteins. It is also notable for its ability to specifically cleave IgG and IgM antibodies above and below the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains and that is found between the light chain and heavy chain. This generates two monovalent Fab segments, that each have a single antibody binding sites, and an intact Fc fragment.<ref name="Worthington" /> | Papain digests most proteins, often more extensively than pancreatic proteases. It has a very broad specificity and is known to cleave peptide bonds of basic amino acids and leucine and glycine residues, but prefers amino acids with large hydrophobic side chains. This non-specific nature of papain's hydrolase activity has led to its use in many and varied commercial products. It is often used as a meat tenderizer because it can hydrolyze the peptide bonds of collagen, elastin, and actomyosin. It is also used in contact lens solution to remove protein deposits on the lenses and marketed as a digestive supplement. <ref name="Web MD"> Finally, papain has several common uses in general biomedical research, including a gentle cell isolation agent, production of glycopeptides from purified proteoglycans, and solubilization of integral membrane proteins. It is also notable for its ability to specifically cleave IgG and IgM antibodies above and below the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains and that is found between the light chain and heavy chain. This generates two monovalent Fab segments, that each have a single antibody binding sites, and an intact Fc fragment.<ref name="Worthington" /> | ||
==Fun Trivia== | ==Fun Trivia== | ||
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Despite a low percentage of sequence identities, inhibition and sequence analyses have increasingly been drawing parallels between L proteinases, that involve the foot-and-mouth disease virus and equine rhinovirus 1, and papain. With a similar overall fold to papain and identifiable regions that resemble papain's five alpha-helices and seven beta-sheets, L proteinases of foot-and-mouth disease virus and of equine rhinovirus 1 reveal a mode of operation that is very papain-like.<ref>PMID: 9472614 </ref> | Despite a low percentage of sequence identities, inhibition and sequence analyses have increasingly been drawing parallels between L proteinases, that involve the foot-and-mouth disease virus and equine rhinovirus 1, and papain. With a similar overall fold to papain and identifiable regions that resemble papain's five alpha-helices and seven beta-sheets, L proteinases of foot-and-mouth disease virus and of equine rhinovirus 1 reveal a mode of operation that is very papain-like.<ref>PMID: 9472614 </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
