Multiple sclerosis: Difference between revisions
From Proteopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
== Immunopathology== | == Immunopathology== | ||
Classical MS pathology has been characterized by white matter plaques which are typically located in the subcortical or periventricular white matter, optic nerve sheaths, brain stem, and spinal cord. The lesions that occur in these regions are generally identified by perivascular infiltrates that contain clonally expanded <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Cd8tcell/1'>CD8+ T cells</scene> (two ectodomains shown, [[3qzw]], as well as a smaller amount of <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Cd4tcell/1'>CD4+ T cells</scene> ([[3t0e]]), <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Monocyte/1'>monocytes</scene> ([[2ra4]]), and rare <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/B_cell/1'>B cells</scene> ([[4e96]]) and <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Plasma_cell/1'>plasma cells</scene> ([[2wq9]]). Many antigens have been investigated to determine whether they are the cause of T cell problems including: <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Mbp/1'>myelin basic protein</scene> (MBP, [[1bx2]]) with a peptide shown; <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Plp/1'>proteolipid protein</scene> (PLP, [[2xpg]]) with peptide shown; <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Mog/1'>oligodendrocyte glycoprotein</scene> (MOG, [[3csp]]); oligodendroglia-specific enzyme transaldolase, and heat shock protein alphabeta-crystallin. | Classical MS pathology has been characterized by white matter plaques which are typically located in the subcortical or periventricular white matter, optic nerve sheaths, brain stem, and spinal cord. The lesions that occur in these regions are generally identified by perivascular infiltrates that contain clonally expanded <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Cd8tcell/1'>CD8+ T cells</scene> (two ectodomains shown, [[3qzw]], as well as a smaller amount of <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Cd4tcell/1'>CD4+ T cells</scene> ([[3t0e]]), <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Monocyte/1'>monocytes</scene> ([[2ra4]]), and rare <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/B_cell/1'>B cells</scene> ([[4e96]]) and <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Plasma_cell/1'>plasma cells</scene> ([[2wq9]]). Pathologists disagree on whether there are different mechanisms for the inflammatory and degenerative components of MS, especially given that older patients have generally progressed further along with their degeneration. There are many proposed degeneration mechanisms including Wallerian degeneration secondary to demyelination, and axonal transection, damage from reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, or energy failure from mitochondrial dysfunction.<ref>PMID:20477831</ref><ref>PMID:12849456</ref><ref>PMID:21446022</ref> Many antigens have been investigated to determine whether they are the cause of T cell problems including: <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Mbp/1'>myelin basic protein</scene> (MBP, [[1bx2]]) with a peptide shown; <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Plp/1'>proteolipid protein</scene> (PLP, [[2xpg]]) with peptide shown; <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Mog/1'>oligodendrocyte glycoprotein</scene> (MOG, [[3csp]]); oligodendroglia-specific enzyme transaldolase, and heat shock protein alphabeta-crystallin.<ref name="Nylander and Hafler" /> | ||
