Multiple sclerosis: Difference between revisions
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Taking a biochemical look at the immunopathology and some of the various treatments that exist for MS helps in the understanding that MS is no longer a diagnosis which is hopeless, but is in fact full of hopeful and helpful treatments. | Taking a biochemical look at the immunopathology and some of the various treatments that exist for MS helps in the understanding that MS is no longer a diagnosis which is hopeless, but is in fact full of hopeful and helpful treatments. | ||
<StructureSection load='1tcr' size=' | <StructureSection load='1tcr' size='500' side='right' caption='Click on the green links to the left to observe the various proteins involved in MS immunopathology (PDB entry: [[1tcr]])' scene='Multiple_sclerosis/Xtracllulrtcell/1'> | ||
== Immunopathology== | == Immunopathology== | ||
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==Interferon-β== | ==Interferon-β== | ||
Interferon-β is a protein growth factor that stimulates an antiviral defense. Its encoding gene is one of only two known vertebrate structural genes that lacks introns.<ref name="Biochem Text">Voet, D., Voet, J.G., and C. Pratt. ''Fundamentals of Biochemistry'' 3rd Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2008. Print.</ref> | <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Interferon_beta/9'>Interferon-β</scene> is a protein growth factor that stimulates an antiviral defense. Its encoding gene is one of only two known vertebrate structural genes that lacks introns.<ref name="Biochem Text">Voet, D., Voet, J.G., and C. Pratt. ''Fundamentals of Biochemistry'' 3rd Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2008. Print.</ref> | ||
Interferon-β is a relatively simple biological response modifier, with several <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Interferon_beta_labeled/1'>identifiable regions</scene>. It consists of five <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_helices_in_color/1'>alpha helices</scene>, as well as multiple interconnecting <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Interferon_beta_loops/2'>loop regions</scene>. Helices A, B and D run <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_parallel_abd/3'>parallel to one another</scene>, and helices C and E run <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_antiparallel/1'>anti-parallel</scene> to the other three helices, but <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_antiparallel_ce/3'>parallel</scene> to one another. Helix A consists of residues 6-23; Helix B consists of residues 49-65; Helix C consists of residues 77-91; Helix D consists of residues 112-131; and Helix E consists of residues 135-155.<ref name="Structure Ifn B">PMID:20616576</ref><ref name="UniProt">http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00784</ref> | Interferon-β is a relatively simple biological response modifier, with several <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Interferon_beta_labeled/1'>identifiable regions</scene>. It consists of five <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_helices_in_color/1'>alpha helices</scene>, as well as multiple interconnecting <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Interferon_beta_loops/2'>loop regions</scene>. Helices A, B and D run <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_parallel_abd/3'>parallel to one another</scene>, and helices C and E run <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_antiparallel/1'>anti-parallel</scene> to the other three helices, but <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnb_antiparallel_ce/3'>parallel</scene> to one another. Helix A consists of residues 6-23; Helix B consists of residues 49-65; Helix C consists of residues 77-91; Helix D consists of residues 112-131; and Helix E consists of residues 135-155.<ref name="Structure Ifn B">PMID:20616576</ref><ref name="UniProt">http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00784</ref> | ||
===Interferon Alpha, Interferon Beta, and Interferon Receptors 1 & 2 === | |||
Since a PDB reference does not exist for interferon beta interacting with interferon receptors 1 or 2, and a multitude of files exist on interferon alpha interacting with the receptor, a comparison to interferon alpha will be made prior to demonstrating the types of bonding that occur between the interferon and its receptor. To see more information regarding interferons, please visit the [[Interferon]] site. | |||
Interferon receptor | Interferons alpha and beta interact with a receptor at the cell surface.<ref>[http://www.jbc.org/content/282/28/20045.full?sid=cbf08059-44d4-4957-8ea7-0351cab9c2ac] Samuel, C.E. "Interferons, Interferon Receptors, Signal Transducer and Transcriptional Activators, and Inteferon Regulatory Factors." ''J Biol Chem'' 2007 282: 20045-20046. First Published on May 14, 2007, doi:10.1074/jbc.R700025200</ref> | ||
<scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifna/1'>Interferon alpha</scene> | |||
===Interferon receptor=== | |||
<scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnr_domains_labeled/1'>Interferon receptor domains</scene> | <scene name='Multiple_sclerosis/Ifnr_domains_labeled/1'>Interferon receptor domains</scene> | ||
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Interferon receptor bound to interferon alpha | Interferon receptor bound to interferon alpha | ||
===Interferon Beta and MS=== | |||
== | |||
== Other Treatments== | == Other Treatments== | ||
===Copaxone=== | ===Copaxone=== | ||
