Sandbox Reserved 470: Difference between revisions

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'''[[Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase]]'''

<Structure load='3gpd' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_470/Active_site_gapdh/1'>active site</scene>

(abbreviated as GAPDH or the less common G3PDH) (EC 1.2.1.12) ~37kDa catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis, a reversible cytosolic process in eukaryotes which involves the breakdown of glucose for energy and carbon molecules. Along with its role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, recent research has determined that GAPDH is actually a multifunctional protein, as it has numerous defined, non-metabolic functions involved in multiple subcellular processes including transcription activation, ER to Golgi transportation, transcriptional control of histone gene expression, nuclear membrane fusion, neuronal initiation of apoptosis, recognizing fraudulently incorporated nucleotides in DNA, and maintaining telomere structures. Research also shoes that it possibly has a direct involvement in cellular phenotype of human neurodegenerative disorders, especially those characterized by expansion of CAG repeats.

(abbreviated as GAPDH or the less common G3PDH) (EC 1.2.1.12) ~37kDa catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis, a reversible cytosolic process in eukaryotes which involves the breakdown of glucose for energy and carbon molecules. Along with its role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, recent research has determined that GAPDH is actually a multifunctional protein, as it has numerous defined, non-metabolic functions involved in multiple subcellular processes including transcription activation, ER to Golgi transportation, transcriptional control of histone gene expression, nuclear membrane fusion, neuronal initiation of apoptosis, recognizing fraudulently incorporated nucleotides in DNA, and maintaining telomere structures. Research also shoes that it possibly has a direct involvement in cellular phenotype of human neurodegenerative disorders, especially those characterized by expansion of [CAG repeats].

----

'''Role in Glycolysis:'''

[[Image:GAPDH_PGK-rxn.gif]]

In three coupled steps, GAPDH catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate at carbon 1 to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), by combining phosphorylatin with oxidation in an overall energonic reaction (ΔG°'=+6.3 kJ/mol (+1.5 kcal/mol)). First, the oxidation of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate to D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate takes place, in which an aldehyde is converted to carboxylic acid ((ΔG°'=-50 kJ/mol (-12 kcal/mol))and NAD+, an important co-factor, is simultaneously reduced endergonically to NADH. This oxidation reaction is required for the initiation of the second reaction because it is highly exergonic and thus drives the endergonic second reaction ((ΔG°'=+50 kJ/mol (+12 kcal/mol)). In the second reaction a molecule of inorganic phosphate is transferred to a GAP intermediate to form a product with a high potential to transfer phosphates, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Without GAPDH's use of covalent catalysis in the second step, the energy barrier of the reaction would be too high and the reaction would be too slow for living organisms.

In three coupled steps, GAPDH catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate at carbon 1 to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), by combining phosphorylatin with oxidation in an overall energonic reaction (ΔG°'=+6.3 kJ/mol (+1.5 kcal/mol)). First, the oxidation of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate to D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate takes place, in which an aldehyde is converted to carboxylic acid ((ΔG°'=-50 kJ/mol (-12 kcal/mol))and NAD+, an important co-factor and ligand, is simultaneously reduced endergonically to NADH. This oxidation reaction is required for the initiation of the second reaction because it is highly exergonic and thus drives the endergonic second reaction ((ΔG°'=+50 kJ/mol (+12 kcal/mol)). In the second reaction a molecule of inorganic phosphate is transferred to a GAP intermediate to form a product with a high potential to transfer phosphates, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Without GAPDH's use of covalent catalysis in the second step, the energy barrier of the reaction would be too high and the reaction would be too slow for living organisms.

----

'''Other roles:'''

Line 15:

In 2005 the initiation of apoptosis was shown to be mediated by GAPDH by Hara et. al. when it was found to bind to DNA like it does in transcription activation.

GAPDH was also found to be involved in ER to Golgi transport because it is recruited by rab2 to vesicular-tubular clusters of the endoplasmic reticulum where it helps form COP 1 vesicles.

Use in the lab:

It was also found that GAPDH is plays a role in certain neruodegenerative disorders, as is able to find stretches which are encoded by the gene's CAG repeats and bind to the gene products formed from disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Machado-Joseph disease.

----

'''Use in the lab:'''

Overall, GAPDH is a “housekeeping gene” and is found in high levels in tissues and cells so it is commonly used in biological research as a loading control in western blot and RT-PCR, but it has to be carefully controlled because under specific conditions it can have various regulation.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 '''[[Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase]]'''
 <Structure load='3gpd' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_470/Active_site_gapdh/1'>active site</scene>
-(abbreviated as GAPDH or the less common G3PDH) (EC 1.2.1.12) ~37kDa catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis, a reversible cytosolic process in eukaryotes which involves the breakdown of glucose for energy and carbon molecules.  Along with its role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, recent research has determined that GAPDH is actually a multifunctional protein, as it has numerous defined, non-metabolic functions involved in multiple subcellular processes including transcription activation, ER  to Golgi transportation, transcriptional control of histone gene expression, nuclear membrane fusion, neuronal initiation of apoptosis, recognizing fraudulently incorporated nucleotides in DNA, and maintaining telomere structures.  Research also shoes that it possibly has a direct involvement in cellular phenotype of human neurodegenerative disorders, especially those characterized by expansion of CAG repeats.
+(abbreviated as GAPDH or the less common G3PDH) (EC 1.2.1.12) ~37kDa catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis, a reversible cytosolic process in eukaryotes which involves the breakdown of glucose for energy and carbon molecules.  Along with its role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, recent research has determined that GAPDH is actually a multifunctional protein, as it has numerous defined, non-metabolic functions involved in multiple subcellular processes including transcription activation, ER  to Golgi transportation, transcriptional control of histone gene expression, nuclear membrane fusion, neuronal initiation of apoptosis, recognizing fraudulently incorporated nucleotides in DNA, and maintaining telomere structures.  Research also shoes that it possibly has a direct involvement in cellular phenotype of human neurodegenerative disorders, especially those characterized by expansion of [CAG repeats].
 ----
 '''Role in Glycolysis:'''
 [[Image:GAPDH_PGK-rxn.gif]]
-In three coupled steps, GAPDH catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate at carbon 1 to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), by combining phosphorylatin with oxidation in an overall energonic reaction (ΔG°'=+6.3 kJ/mol (+1.5 kcal/mol)).  First, the oxidation of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate to D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate takes place, in which an aldehyde is converted to carboxylic acid ((ΔG°'=-50 kJ/mol (-12 kcal/mol))and NAD+, an important co-factor, is simultaneously reduced endergonically to NADH.  This oxidation reaction is required for the initiation of the second reaction because it is highly exergonic and thus drives the endergonic second reaction ((ΔG°'=+50 kJ/mol (+12 kcal/mol)).  In the second reaction a molecule of inorganic phosphate is transferred to a GAP intermediate to form a product with a high potential to transfer phosphates, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.  Without GAPDH's use of covalent catalysis in the second step, the energy barrier of the reaction would be too high and the reaction would be too slow for living organisms.
+In three coupled steps, GAPDH catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate at carbon 1 to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), by combining phosphorylatin with oxidation in an overall energonic reaction (ΔG°'=+6.3 kJ/mol (+1.5 kcal/mol)).  First, the oxidation of glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate to D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate takes place, in which an aldehyde is converted to carboxylic acid ((ΔG°'=-50 kJ/mol (-12 kcal/mol))and NAD+, an important co-factor and ligand, is simultaneously reduced endergonically to NADH.  This oxidation reaction is required for the initiation of the second reaction because it is highly exergonic and thus drives the endergonic second reaction ((ΔG°'=+50 kJ/mol (+12 kcal/mol)).  In the second reaction a molecule of inorganic phosphate is transferred to a GAP intermediate to form a product with a high potential to transfer phosphates, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.  Without GAPDH's use of covalent catalysis in the second step, the energy barrier of the reaction would be too high and the reaction would be too slow for living organisms.
 ----
 '''Other roles:'''
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 In 2005 the initiation of apoptosis was shown to be mediated by GAPDH by Hara et. al. when it was found to bind to DNA like it does in transcription activation.
 GAPDH was also found to be involved in ER to Golgi transport because it is recruited by rab2 to vesicular-tubular clusters of the endoplasmic reticulum where it helps form COP 1 vesicles.
-Use in the lab:
+It was also found that GAPDH is plays a role in certain neruodegenerative disorders, as is able to find stretches which are encoded by the gene's CAG repeats and bind to the gene products formed from disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Machado-Joseph disease.
+----
+'''Use in the lab:'''
 Overall, GAPDH is a “housekeeping gene” and is found in high levels in tissues and cells so it is commonly used in biological research as a loading control in western blot and RT-PCR, but it has to be carefully controlled because under specific conditions it can have various regulation.