User:Marvin O'Neal/OspA: Difference between revisions
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<h2>OspA Vaccination</h2> | <h2>OspA Vaccination</h2> | ||
<Structure load="1fj1" size="350" frame="true" align="right" name="complex" caption="Outer surface protein A (OspA) in complex with the LA-2 Fab antibody ([[1fj1|1FJ1]])." scene="Studio:G2SecL03/Ospafab-orig/1"/> | |||
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Risk of developing Lyme disease can be mitigated by staying clear of areas with populations of ticks, wearing proper attire to minimize easily bitten areas of the body, and using insect repellents containing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEET DEET] (N,N-diethy-m-toluamide). However, another effective means for prevention could be possible by using an outer surface protein from <i>Borrelia</i> in the creation of a vaccine.<ref name="nigrovic">PMID: 16893489</ref> | Risk of developing Lyme disease can be mitigated by staying clear of areas with populations of ticks, wearing proper attire to minimize easily bitten areas of the body, and using insect repellents containing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEET DEET] (N,N-diethy-m-toluamide). However, another effective means for prevention could be possible by using an outer surface protein from <i>Borrelia</i> in the creation of a vaccine.<ref name="nigrovic">PMID: 16893489</ref> | ||
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The membrane composition of <i>Borrelia</i> is abundant in both OspA and OspB, and the two proteins share a 53% similarity in their primary sequences. Both OspA and OspB are expressed in the tick's gut and downregulated during feeding and aid in its survivability; however, OspA is overall less varied and reactive than OspB, which has greater variability.<ref name="becker">PMID: 15713683</ref> The relatively conserved sequence of OspA thus lends itself better to study and application toward the development of a vaccine for a broader range of <i>Borrelia</i> strains in the treatment of Lyme disease than that of OspB. The first vaccine used a purified recombinant form of OspA and functioned in blocking transmission of the spirochetes expressing OspA from tick to host during feeding, killing them while still attached to the tick's gut.<ref name="connolly">PMID: 15864264</ref><ref name="battisti">PMID: 18779341</ref> The vaccine, Lymerix, had shown 76% and 92% effectiveness in separate clinical trials in which patients were treated for two years following a three-dose schedule. However, the vaccination was suspended from use in 2002 when opponents claimed the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G IgG antibodies] for OspA were associated with the onset of severe chronic arthritis, as well as other side effects affecting immunity.<ref name="connolly">PMID: 15864264</ref><ref name="plotkin">PMID: 21217175</ref> This fact, in conjunction with the desire for a more widespread vaccine treating multiple strains of <i>Borrelia</i>, has spurred research towards a new vaccine. | The membrane composition of <i>Borrelia</i> is abundant in both OspA and OspB, and the two proteins share a 53% similarity in their primary sequences. Both OspA and OspB are expressed in the tick's gut and downregulated during feeding and aid in its survivability; however, OspA is overall less varied and reactive than OspB, which has greater variability.<ref name="becker">PMID: 15713683</ref> The relatively conserved sequence of OspA thus lends itself better to study and application toward the development of a vaccine for a broader range of <i>Borrelia</i> strains in the treatment of Lyme disease than that of OspB. The first vaccine used a purified recombinant form of OspA and functioned in blocking transmission of the spirochetes expressing OspA from tick to host during feeding, killing them while still attached to the tick's gut.<ref name="connolly">PMID: 15864264</ref><ref name="battisti">PMID: 18779341</ref> The vaccine, Lymerix, had shown 76% and 92% effectiveness in separate clinical trials in which patients were treated for two years following a three-dose schedule. However, the vaccination was suspended from use in 2002 when opponents claimed the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G IgG antibodies] for OspA were associated with the onset of severe chronic arthritis, as well as other side effects affecting immunity.<ref name="connolly">PMID: 15864264</ref><ref name="plotkin">PMID: 21217175</ref> This fact, in conjunction with the desire for a more widespread vaccine treating multiple strains of <i>Borrelia</i>, has spurred research towards a new vaccine. | ||
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<h2>Structure of OspA</h2> | <h2>Structure of OspA</h2> | ||
