User:Marvin O'Neal/OspC: Difference between revisions

Lyme disease is caused by ''Borrelia burgdoferi'', a spirochete that is identified in black-legged tick, ''Ixodes scapulars''. It is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in North America and Europe. Humans infected with Lyme disease begin with unusal skin lesions (erythema migrans), which later develop into more severe neurological and cardiac symptoms if it is not treated. <ref>PMID:7043737</ref> Thus, ''B. burgdoferi'' persists in human by interacting its surface-exposed proteins with the molecules of the host. This interaction of its outer surface proteins (Osps) is very crucial for the pathogenic pathway of Lyme disease. When the ticks bite on human, ''B. burgodoferi'' in the unfed ticks, which colonize in the midgut, produces OspA, OspB but no OspC. However, the tick migrates from guts to salivary gland during feeding period, OspC is upregulated, thereby inducing OspC synthesis and inhibiting the expression of OspA and OspB due to changes in environmental temperature and pH.<ref>PMID:14981110</ref> Therefore, the vaccine against Lyme disease named OspA-based LYMErix vaccine was available for human use from 1998 to 2002. However, it was withdrawn because of its vaccine-associated autoimmune risk factors. In addition, the majority of ticks reside in the tick silva do not have OspA, but OspC is present during the early infection. Nowadays, scientists are trying to find new OspC-based vaccine as an effective target of immunity. Even though OspC has stable antigenic site on its outer surface during infection, the vaccine of recombinant anti-OspC are effective only for the spirochetes with identical sequence of OspC because OspC is a highly variable protein.<ref>PMID:17921702</ref> Its genetic diversity at OspC locus can be categroized into 19 outer surface major groups (oMGs), denoted by type A to S. Based on its alignment sequence, the sequence variation within a major group is 1% whereas approximately 15% between major groups. However, only four invasive allelic groups: A, B, I([[1f1m]]), and K, are responsible for causing human Lyme disease.<ref name="human lyme disease">Kumaran D, Eswaramoorthy S, Luft B, Koide S, Dunn J, Lawson C, and Swaminathan S. 2001. Crystal Structure of Outer Surface Protein C (OspC) from the Lyme Disease Spirochete, ''Borrelia burgdorferi''. The EMBO Journal 20(5): 971-978. [http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F20.5.971 DOI:  10.1093/emboj/20.5.971]</ref> Therefore, polymorphism of OspC driven by the ecological interaction in natural ''B. burgdoferi'' plays an essential role in discovering anti-OspC based vaccine to prevent the prevalence and risk of human Lyme disease.