Tutorial:Basic Chemistry Topics: Difference between revisions
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New page: <div style='background-color:yellow;padding:10px;margin:10px;'>'''This tutorial is designed for high school (ages 14-19)'''.</div> <Structure load='1M4D' size='500' frame='true' align='rig... |
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==Possible Acetylation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Tobramycin CoA Complex == | ==Possible Acetylation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Tobramycin CoA Complex == | ||
The study where this molecule was obtained | Throughout this tutorial we will be targeting basic chemistry topics. The chemistry topics are based off a study conducted by a group of scientists. These topics are vital to the understanding of more advanced chemistry. There are interactive molecules incorporated into the text to help your understanding. | ||
The study where this molecule was obtained is named "Aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Complex with Coenzyme A and Tobramycin". The study focused on AAC (2’)- Ic also known as aminoglycoside 2’- N- acetyltransferase. The scientist’s in the study determined the crystal structure of AAC (2’)-Ic from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The specific fold of AAC (2’)-Ic places in the GNAT or GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily. Although the physiological function of AAC(2’)-Ic in not certain, the crystal structure they determined allowed them to hypothesize. Through the crystal structure they determined that this enzyme might acetylate mycothiol. Mycothiol is key biosynthetic intermediate and the major reducing agent in mycobacterium. This enzyme is capable of acetylating aminoglycosides bearing a 2’ amino group, when this occurs the aminoglycoside antibiotic becomes inactive. | |||
I know the summary above is complex and confusing. I don't expect you to understand it completely. I am sharing this study with you because I am going to use it to explain basic chemistry concepts. We are going to dissect this scientific artical and pull the basic concepts from it and go into greater detail. | |||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
==Objectives== | |||
By the end of this tutorial you should be able to: | |||
1. Understand and explain the importance of Tobramycin as an antibiotic | |||
==Tobramycin== | ==Tobramycin== | ||
Tobramycin is an antibiotic part of the aminoglycoside family. Aminoglycosides produce antibacterial effects by inhibiting protein synthesis and compromising the cell wall structure. | Tobramycin is an antibiotic part of the aminoglycoside family. Aminoglycosides produce antibacterial effects by inhibiting protein synthesis and compromising the cell wall structure. By inhibiting the protein synthesis of the bacteria it does not allow the bacteria to replicate. The cell wall is an important structure to bacteria, because it provides the structure and stability to the bacteria. By disrupting the cell wall we are removing the stability of the bacteria and ultimately casing bacteria death. Tobramycin targets a variety of bacteria particularly gram(-) species. Just like all drugs there are side effects associated with tobramycin. Some of the more common side effects are ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Ototoxic is hearing loss and nephrotoxic is causing kidney damage. The kidney damage is due to Tobramycin reabsorption through the renal tubules. This basically means that tobramycin may be toxic to the kidneys and the toxicity is caused by the contact-time in the renal tubules where the drug is located. Tobramycin trade name is Tobrex. A trade name is another name for tobramycin. It is a pregnancy category D. Pregnancy categories are assigned to all drugs. They are used to classify how likely the drug is to cause harm to the fetus. The pregnancy categories are A, B, C, D, and X. Pregnancy category A causes no harm to the fetus and pregnancy category X, which indefinitely causes harm to the fetus. Since Tobramycin is a pregnancy category D, this is not an optimal choice for a pregnant patient. Tobramycin can be given intravenously, intramuscularly, as an inhalation or ophthalmicly. Intravenously is an IV route of administration where the drug is administered directly to the vasculature or blood vessels. Intramuscular is a shot that penetrates your muscle. A common example of an intramuscular administration would be a flu shot. Inhalation is a route of administration where the lungs are the targets. An example of this would be an inhaler used in asthmatics. Ophthalmic administration is where the drug is administered to the eye; an example would be an eye drop. | ||
==Type of Bonds== | |||
Hydrogen Bonds are attractive interactions (dipole-dipole) between an electronegative atom and hydrogen. The hydrogen bonds in this picture are displayed as yellow dashed lines. This bond always involves a hydrogen atom. A hydrogen bond is stronger then a van-der-waals interaction but weaker then an ionic or covalent bond. The hydrogen bonds in this display are between the alpha helices and beta sheets. An ionic bond is an attraction between two molecules of opposite charge. Covalent bonds, the strongest type of bond, involves the sharing of electrons between two molecules. | |||
==Active Site== | ==Active Site== | ||
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This molecule represents the <scene name='Aminoglycoside_2'-N-acetyltransferase_from_TB/Alpha_and_beta_sheets/1'>alpha helices and beta strands</scene>. The alpha helices are represented with pink arrows and the beta strands are represented with yellow arrows. This molecule has approximately four alpha helices and two beta strands. The structure of the alpha and beta sheets in tuberculosis/CoA/ and Tobramycin structure represents the GNAT fold. The GNAT fold is almost completely catalyzed by CoA- dependent transfer of an acyl group to an exposed amino acid group. This interaction is the basis for the study. This shows how the acetylation of Mycothiol is occurring and why. | This molecule represents the <scene name='Aminoglycoside_2'-N-acetyltransferase_from_TB/Alpha_and_beta_sheets/1'>alpha helices and beta strands</scene>. The alpha helices are represented with pink arrows and the beta strands are represented with yellow arrows. This molecule has approximately four alpha helices and two beta strands. The structure of the alpha and beta sheets in tuberculosis/CoA/ and Tobramycin structure represents the GNAT fold. The GNAT fold is almost completely catalyzed by CoA- dependent transfer of an acyl group to an exposed amino acid group. This interaction is the basis for the study. This shows how the acetylation of Mycothiol is occurring and why. | ||
