|
|
| Line 21: |
Line 21: |
|
| |
|
| =='''Objectives'''== | | =='''Objectives'''== |
| By the end of this tutorial you should be able to:
| |
|
| |
| 1. Describe and provide examples of covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds
| |
|
| |
| 2. Describe Primary Structure
| |
|
| |
| 3. Understand and identify the importance of secondary structures
| |
|
| |
| 4. Understand and describe an active site
| |
|
| |
| 4. Describe what a ligand does. Competitive/Allosteric inhibitors and inducers
| |
|
| |
| 7. Be able to classify amino acids and understand what the classification represents
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| The "element color code" drop down box maybe needed throughout the tutorial for identification of atoms. | | The "element color code" drop down box maybe needed throughout the tutorial for identification of atoms. |
| Line 301: |
Line 287: |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Drug resistance is when microorganisms are able to survive when in the presence of drugs that used to be effective in eliminating them. Resistance occurs when a microorganism produces a spontaneous/genetic mutation that protects the bacteria from the drug. Antibiotic resistance to Tobramycin by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the basis of this study, as discussed earlier. Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health concern that needs to be addressed. | | Drug resistance occurs when microorganisms are no longer vulnerable to an antibiotic. Resistance occurs when a microorganism produces a spontaneous/genetic mutation that protects the bacteria from the drug. Antibiotic resistance to Tobramycin by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the basis of this study. Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health concern that needs to be addressed. |
| | |
| There are many causes of drug resistance, including antibiotic overuse and inappropriate antibiotic use. A preventable cause of drug resistance that the consumers should be aware of is prematurely discontinuing antibiotics. Patients tend to discontinue antibiotics when they start to “feel better” but the infection is not completely eradicated. When you begin an antibiotic regimen it begins to kill the most susceptible microorganisms first. As you continue the antibiotic the continuous exposure of the antibiotic is able to kill the few more resistant microorganisms. When the antibiotic is discontinued prior to the elimination of the more resistant microorganisms, those bacteria begin to replicate again and the same antibiotic will not be as effective.
| |
| | |
| When drug resistance occurs the drug/antibiotic needs to be modified to prevent its inactivation. In this study Tobramycin is acetylated, which causes it inactivation. If we can prevent the bacteria from acetylating Tobramycin, then Tobramycin can remain active and continue its antibacterial effect. Ways to inhibit an addition of an unwanted functional group or other additions, is to attach a bulky substituent or a compound with the same charge as the possible unwanted addition. Adding a bulky substance to Tobramycin will “block” the addition of the acetyl group, because the acetyl group cannot get to the site of action. If a compound of the same charge is added adjacent to where the unwanted addition is added. The two similar charges will be in close range to each other causing them to repel each other, like we discussed earlier in our discussion of ionic bonds.
| |
| | |
| In conclusion, understanding and applying the basic chemistry concepts discussed here can aid in future research that can benefit so many areas of study. You have the ability to change lives and provide the world with life changing discoveries.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| |
|
| | There are many causes of drug resistance, including antibiotic overuse and inappropriate antibiotic use. A preventable cause of drug resistance is premature discontinuation of a patient’s antibiotics. Patient’s tend to discontinue their antibiotics when they start to “feel better”, but the infection is not completely eradicated. When you begin an antibiotic regimen, it begins by killing the most susceptible microorganisms first. As you complete the antibiotic course, the continuous exposure of the antibiotic is able to kill the few more resistant microorganisms. When the antibiotic is discontinued early, the more resistant bacteria are not eliminated. The resistant strain of bacteria will replicate and the same antibiotic will not be as effective anymore. |
|
| |
|
| *References:
| | When drug resistance occurs, the drug/antibiotic needs to be modified to prevent its inactivation. In this study tobramycin is acetylated, which causes it inactivation. If we can prevent the bacteria from acetylating tobramycin, then tobramycin can remain active and continue its antibacterial effects. One possible theory for inhibiting tobramycin’s acetylation is the addition of a bulky substituent near the active site. Adding a bulky substituent to tobramycin would “block” the addition of the acetyl group, because the acetyl group cannot get to the site of action. The bulky substituent is too large and the acetyl group is not able to fit anymore. There are many things that can be accomplished with the understanding of basic chemistry; there will always be a demand for a brilliant chemist. |
| http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/561aminostructure.html
| |
|
| |
|
| | |
| </StructureSection> | | </StructureSection> |
|
| |
|
