Ricin: Difference between revisions
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The mechanism deployed by Ricin to gain entry to a host cell involves the poison's heterogenic properties. First, the B subunit binds to two carbohydrates on the cell surface, either glycolipids or glycoproteins, which both terminate with galactose. The interaction is facilitated by hydrogen bonds to <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/B_chain_bind_lactose_1/2'>lysine 40 and asparagine 46</scene> in one domain<ref name = "Rutenber">PMID: 3561502</ref> and <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/B_chain_bind_lactose_2/1'>asparagine 255</scene> in the other domain. Once bound, the ricin-glycoprotein complex is taken into the cells via endocytosis. This association between the A and B chain is essential for toxicity <ref name="montfort" /> without it the Ricin would not be able to gain access to the cell, rendering it useless<ref name = "rapak">PMID: 9108055</ref>. The endocytotic pathway results in the cleavage of the disulfide bond linking the A and B chains. After cleavage, the A chain is released into the cytosol. | The mechanism deployed by Ricin to gain entry to a host cell involves the poison's heterogenic properties. First, the B subunit binds to two carbohydrates on the cell surface, either glycolipids or glycoproteins, which both terminate with galactose. The interaction is facilitated by hydrogen bonds to <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/B_chain_bind_lactose_1/2'>lysine 40 and asparagine 46</scene> in one domain<ref name = "Rutenber">PMID: 3561502</ref> and <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/B_chain_bind_lactose_2/1'>asparagine 255</scene> in the other domain. Once bound, the ricin-glycoprotein complex is taken into the cells via endocytosis. This association between the A and B chain is essential for toxicity <ref name="montfort" /> without it the Ricin would not be able to gain access to the cell, rendering it useless<ref name = "rapak">PMID: 9108055</ref>. The endocytotic pathway results in the cleavage of the disulfide bond linking the A and B chains. After cleavage, the A chain is released into the cytosol. | ||
Once the A chain gains into the cytosol, it depurinates | Once the A chain gains into the cytosol, it depurinates a single adenosine residue in a highly conserved portion within the [[Large Ribosomal Subunit of Haloarcula|large ribosomal subunit]]<ref name="rapak" /> of eukaryotes; in human, the large cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA is called the 28S ribosomal RNA because of its sedimentation properties during ultracentrifugation. The nucleotide depurinated is located within a specific, conserved loop referred to as the <nowiki>'</nowiki>sarcin-ricin loop<nowiki>'</nowiki>. Depurination of the single adenosine nucleotide by the toxin results in the inhibition of protein synthesis. | ||
The proposed mechanism of depurination utilizes the <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/Conserved_residues/2'>conserved residues</scene> in the A chain. The aromatic ring structures of the substrate adenosine stack with the aromatic side chains of <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/Tyr_stacking/1'>two tyrosine residues</scene>, Tyr 80 and 123, above and below. Hydrogen bonds form between the conserved arginine and a backbone carbonyl. The depurination reaction is aided by the protonation of N3 by Arg 180 and by ion pairing to Glu 177. A water molecule on the opposite side of the ribose is activated by hydrogen bonding to Arg 180. The activated water attacks C1' of the ribose, releasing the adenine and depurinated RNA fragment. This interferes with elongation factor binding to the ribosome, thus inhibiting [[translation|translation]]. | The proposed mechanism of depurination utilizes the <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/Conserved_residues/2'>conserved residues</scene> in the A chain. The aromatic ring structures of the substrate adenosine stack with the aromatic side chains of <scene name='Sandbox_BCMB402_Ricin/Tyr_stacking/1'>two tyrosine residues</scene>, Tyr 80 and 123, above and below. Hydrogen bonds form between the conserved arginine and a backbone carbonyl. The depurination reaction is aided by the protonation of N3 by Arg 180 and by ion pairing to Glu 177. A water molecule on the opposite side of the ribose is activated by hydrogen bonding to Arg 180. The activated water attacks C1' of the ribose, releasing the adenine and depurinated RNA fragment. This interferes with elongation factor binding to the ribosome, thus inhibiting [[translation|translation]]. | ||
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== Site of ricin modification of rRNA == | == Site of ricin modification of rRNA == | ||
<Structure load='3u5d' size='400' side='left' caption='ribosomal RNA from Yeast(PDB entry [[3u5d]])' scene=''> | <Structure load='3u5d' size='400' side='left' caption='ribosomal RNA from Yeast(PDB entry [[3u5d]])' scene=''> | ||
Ricin removes an adenine from a specific portion of the 28S rRNA called the <scene name='Taylor_sandboxk_ricin_rRNA_modification_site/Sarcin-ricin_loop/1'>sacrin-ricin loop</scene>, or SRL. This <scene name='Taylor_sandboxk_ricin_rRNA_modification_site/Depurination/1'>depurination</scene> leads to reduced binding of elongation factors to the ribosome and reduced synthesis of proteins. It appears that binding of ricin chain A is mediated by binding to the ribosomal proteins and the ribosomal stalk, as binding to the naked rRNA occurs with lower affinity.<ref name="Chiou">PMID: 19019145</ref>. | Ricin removes an adenine from a specific portion of the 28S rRNA called the <scene name='Taylor_sandboxk_ricin_rRNA_modification_site/Sarcin-ricin_loop/1'>sacrin-ricin loop</scene>, or SRL. This <scene name='Taylor_sandboxk_ricin_rRNA_modification_site/Depurination/1'>depurination</scene> leads to reduced binding of [[elongation factors|elongation factors]] to the ribosome and reduced synthesis of proteins<ref name="holmbergnygard">PMID: 8648651</ref>. It appears that binding of ricin chain A is mediated by binding to the ribosomal proteins and the ribosomal stalk, as binding to the naked rRNA occurs with lower affinity.<ref name="Chiou">PMID: 19019145</ref>. | ||
Ricin also triggers apoptosis <ref name="Tesh">PMID: 22130961</ref>, though the exact pathway is a current research topic. There is some evidence that it occurs via the B subunit <ref name="Yermakova">PMID: 22984492</ref>, though there is also evidence that the protein synthesis inhibition may cause apoptosis <ref name="Jetzt">PMID: 22982239</ref>. | Ricin also triggers apoptosis <ref name="Tesh">PMID: 22130961</ref>, though the exact pathway is a current research topic. There is some evidence that it occurs via the B subunit <ref name="Yermakova">PMID: 22984492</ref>, though there is also evidence that the protein synthesis inhibition may cause apoptosis <ref name="Jetzt">PMID: 22982239</ref>. | ||
Revision as of 18:38, 14 May 2013
Ricin is a potent cytotoxin that is synthesized in the endosperm cells of maturing seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)[1]. Ricin belongs to a small multi-gene family[2] that is composed of eight members. Ricin is classified as a type II heterodimeric Ribosome Inactivating Protein[1] or RIPs. For toxins in Proteopedia see Ribosome.
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Site of ricin modification of rRNA
<Structure load='3u5d' size='400' side='left' caption='ribosomal RNA from Yeast(PDB entry large ribosomal subunit)' scene=> Ricin removes an adenine from a specific portion of the 28S rRNA called the sacrin-ricin loop, or SRL. This depurination leads to reduced binding of translation to the ribosome and reduced synthesis of proteins[3]. It appears that binding of ricin chain A is mediated by binding to the ribosomal proteins and the ribosomal stalk, as binding to the naked rRNA occurs with lower affinity.[4].
Ricin also triggers apoptosis [5], though the exact pathway is a current research topic. There is some evidence that it occurs via the B subunit [6], though there is also evidence that the protein synthesis inhibition may cause apoptosis [7].
Updated April 2013
Ricin A chain (RTA)
1j1m, 1ift, 2aai, 1rtc – RTA
3lc9, 3mk9, 2vc4, 1uq4, 1uq5, 1obs, 3bjg, 3srp – RTA (mutant)
Ricin A chain binary complexes
3px8 – RTA preproricin + 7-carboxy-pterin
1br5, 1br6 - RTA + pterin derivative
3px9 - RTA preproricin + furanylmethyl-carbamoyl-pterin
3lc9, 3mk9, 2vc4, 1uq4, 1uq5, 1obs – RTA (mutant)
3hio – RTA + tetranucleotide
3ej5, 1il5 – RTA pyrimidine derivative
2p8n, 1ifs – RTA + adenine
2pjo, 2r2x – RTA + urea derivative
2r3d – RTA + acetamide
2vc3 - RTA (mutant) + acetate
1il3, 1il4, 1il9 – RTA + guanine derivative
1ifu, 1fmp – RTA + formycin
1obt - RTA (mutant) + AMP
1apg – RTA + RNA
3px8 – RTA + formycin monophosphate
Ricin B chain (RTB)
3nbc, 3nbd – CnRTB + lactose – Clitocybe nebularis
3nbe – CnRTB + lactose derivative
3phz – RTB + glycoside – Polyporus squamosus
Ricin A+B chains
2aai - RTA + RTB
3rtj - RTA + RTB + dinucleotide
See Also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lord JM, Roberts LM, Robertus JD. Ricin: structure, mode of action, and some current applications. FASEB J. 1994 Feb;8(2):201-8. PMID:8119491
- ↑ Montfort W, Villafranca JE, Monzingo AF, Ernst SR, Katzin B, Rutenber E, Xuong NH, Hamlin R, Robertus JD. The three-dimensional structure of ricin at 2.8 A. J Biol Chem. 1987 Apr 15;262(11):5398-403. PMID:3558397
- ↑ Holmberg L, Nygard O. Depurination of A4256 in 28 S rRNA by the ribosome-inactivating proteins from barley and ricin results in different ribosome conformations. J Mol Biol. 1996 May 31;259(1):81-94. PMID:8648651 doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0303
- ↑ Chiou JC, Li XP, Remacha M, Ballesta JP, Tumer NE. The ribosomal stalk is required for ribosome binding, depurination of the rRNA and cytotoxicity of ricin A chain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol. 2008 Dec;70(6):1441-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06492.x., Epub 2008 Oct 30. PMID:19019145 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06492.x
- ↑ Tesh VL. The induction of apoptosis by Shiga toxins and ricin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2012;357:137-78. doi: 10.1007/82_2011_155. PMID:22130961 doi:10.1007/82_2011_155
- ↑ Yermakova A, Vance DJ, Mantis NJ. Sub-domains of ricin's B subunit as targets of toxin neutralizing and non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44317. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044317. Epub 2012 Sep 11. PMID:22984492 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044317
- ↑ Jetzt AE, Cheng JS, Li XP, Tumer NE, Cohick WS. A relatively low level of ribosome depurination by mutant forms of ricin toxin A chain can trigger protein synthesis inhibition, cell signaling and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012 Dec;44(12):2204-11. doi:, 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.004. Epub 2012 Sep 12. PMID:22982239 doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.004
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