Extremophile: Difference between revisions
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The ability of increasing net charge to enable higher solubility is a known phenomenon<ref>doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402797101</ref>, and this study is consistent with previous reports<ref>PMID: 14741208 </ref>. The aquatic animals have increased their net charge in a variety of ways - different combinations of amino acids switches. We present one such manifestation of this overall trend, by comparing the elephant and whale myoglobin structures. | The ability of increasing net charge to enable higher solubility is a known phenomenon<ref>doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402797101</ref>, and this study is consistent with previous reports<ref>PMID: 14741208 </ref>. The aquatic animals have increased their net charge in a variety of ways - different combinations of amino acids switches. We present one such manifestation of this overall trend, by comparing the elephant and whale myoglobin structures. | ||
It comes down to <scene name='55/557585/Align_test/18'>eight divergent amino acids (elephant's amino acids in yellow halos, and whale's amino acids without yellow halos, next to each other)</scene> that affect that charge - out of a total of 27 divergent amino acids. Without these eight differently charged amino acids, myoglobin in both whale and elephants has a charge of ''+1''. With them, whale myoglobin has a net charge of ''+4'' and elephants of ''+2''. Importantly, all eight of these divergent amino acids are <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/34'>surface residues</scene>. It is interesting to note that in this comparison (between whale and elephant) that there is no difference in net charge in the region in the vicinity of the heme group, which | It comes down to <scene name='55/557585/Align_test/18'>eight divergent amino acids (elephant's amino acids in yellow halos, and whale's amino acids without yellow halos, next to each other)</scene> that affect that charge - out of a total of 27 divergent amino acids. Without these eight differently charged amino acids, myoglobin in both whale and elephants has a charge of ''+1''. With them, whale myoglobin has a net charge of ''+4'' and elephants of ''+2''. Importantly, all eight of these divergent amino acids are <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/34'>surface residues</scene>. It is interesting to note that in this comparison (between whale and elephant) that there is no difference in net charge in the region in the vicinity of the heme group. This is may reflect the key role of the heme group and residues near it, which can not be easily changed without a drastic affect on function. | ||
Calculate along the chain, how just several amino acid switches bring the positive net charge of whale myoglobin up to ''+4'' and elephants to ''+2'': (summing up the total charge of the protein) <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/19'>residue position 8</scene> (<span style="color:red">'''glu'''</span> in elephents versus gln in whales), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/21'>12</scene> (<span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> vs. <span style="color:lightblue">'''his'''</span>), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/22'>27</scene> (thr vs. <span style="color:red">'''asp'''</span>), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/23'>34</scene> (thr vs. <span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> ), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/24'>87</scene> (gln vs. <span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> ), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/26'>116</scene> (gln vs. <span style="color:lightblue">'''his'''</span>), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/27'>132</scene> (<span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> vs. asn), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/28'>140</scene> (asn vs. <span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> ). | Calculate along the chain, how just several amino acid switches bring the positive net charge of whale myoglobin up to ''+4'' and elephants to ''+2'': (summing up the total charge of the protein) <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/19'>residue position 8</scene> (<span style="color:red">'''glu'''</span> in elephents versus gln in whales), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/21'>12</scene> (<span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> vs. <span style="color:lightblue">'''his'''</span>), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/22'>27</scene> (thr vs. <span style="color:red">'''asp'''</span>), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/23'>34</scene> (thr vs. <span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> ), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/24'>87</scene> (gln vs. <span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> ), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/26'>116</scene> (gln vs. <span style="color:lightblue">'''his'''</span>), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/27'>132</scene> (<span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> vs. asn), <scene name='52/523344/Elephantwhale/28'>140</scene> (asn vs. <span style="color:blue">'''lys'''</span> ). | ||
'''note about this scene''': <span style="color:red">'''Asp and Glu'''</span> have a charge of ''-1'', <span style="color:blue">'''Arg and Lys'''</span> have a charge of ''+1'', <span style="color:lightblue">'''His'''</span> in the positions shown here - ''12'' and ''116'' (Table S2<ref name="whaleMyo" />) - have a charge of about ''+0.5''. | '''note about this scene''': <span style="color:red">'''Asp and Glu'''</span> have a charge of ''-1'', <span style="color:blue">'''Arg and Lys'''</span> have a charge of ''+1'', <span style="color:lightblue">'''His'''</span> in the positions shown here - ''12'' and ''116'' (Table S2<ref name="whaleMyo" />) - have a charge of about ''+0.5''. | ||
