Sandbox 420: Difference between revisions

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==Abstract==

K2 and other newly popularized drugs laced with synthetic cannabinoids, which mimic those found in marijuana, bind similarly to G-coupled receptors found throughout the body and nervous system. ~~CBR1~~, in particular, is comprised of 472, mostly nonpolar amino acids that fold into a secondary structure consisting of ten alpha helices and one beta pleated sheet forming a transmembrane domain. Binding to endogenous and exogenous ligands alike, ~~CBR1~~ acts as an activator in a signal transduction pathway to aid in regulating many major bodily systems.

K2 and other newly popularized drugs laced with synthetic cannabinoids, which mimic those found in marijuana, bind similarly to G-coupled receptors found throughout the body and nervous system. CB1, in particular, is comprised of 472, mostly nonpolar amino acids that fold into a secondary structure consisting of ten alpha helices and one beta pleated sheet forming a transmembrane domain. Binding to endogenous and exogenous ligands alike, CB1 acts as an activator in a signal transduction pathway to aid in regulating many major bodily systems.

You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.

==History==

First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a “natural incense” that is “not for human consumption”, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref> <ref name = "cardio">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />. ~~CB1R~~ is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref> <ref name = "cardio">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />. CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.

Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of ~~CB1R~~ receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="cardio" /> (3,4). Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.

Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1 receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="cardio" /> (3,4). Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.

==Structure==

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</table>

Secondary: The secondary structure of CB1 is made up of of ten ~~<scene name='71/716602/Alpha_helices/1'>~~α-helices~~</scene>~~ and one β-sheet. Of the ten α-helices, eight are roughly identical in size and align parallel to one another to form a typical transmembrane-type domain. The remaining two α-helices are shorter in length, run perpendicular to the other eight, and are located at one end of the receptor. On the opposite end of the receptor, an antiparallel β-sheet is located in the middle of the transmembrane domain formed by the eight parallel helices. While the structure overall has a low composition of polar amino acids, a large portion are located within this β-sheet, hinting at the role it may play in the function of the receptor.

Secondary: The secondary structure of CB1 is made up of of ten α-helices and one β-sheet. Of the ten α-helices, eight are roughly identical in size and align parallel to one another to form a typical transmembrane-type domain. The remaining two α-helices are shorter in length, run perpendicular to the other eight, and are located at one end of the receptor. On the opposite end of the receptor, an antiparallel β-sheet is located in the middle of the transmembrane domain formed by the eight parallel helices. While the structure overall has a low composition of polar amino acids, a large portion are located within this β-sheet, hinting at the role it may play in the function of the receptor.

<scene name='71/716602/Normal/1'>Initial Scene (Reset)</scene>

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==Pain Modulation==

CB1 receptors are also highly expressed in areas of the nervous system involved with pain modulation, specifically in the dorsal root ganglia (5). This is one of the most well known ~~function~~ of CB1 receptors and is responsible for the pain reduction effects associated with THC.

CB1 receptors are also highly expressed in areas of the nervous system involved with pain modulation, specifically in the dorsal root ganglia (5). This is one of the most well known functions of CB1 receptors and is responsible for the pain reduction effects associated with THC.

==Memory==

CB1 receptors are also ~~found in a high concentration~~ in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a region of the brain involved with learning and memory (7). The relatively high density of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus is responsible for the memory-altering effects of THC and other cannabinoids (8).

CB1 receptors are also highly concentrated in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a region of the brain involved with learning and memory (7). The relatively high density of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus is responsible for the memory-altering effects of THC and other cannabinoids (8).

==Motor Control==

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Abstract==
-K2 and other newly popularized drugs laced with synthetic cannabinoids, which mimic those found in marijuana, bind similarly to G-coupled receptors found throughout the body and nervous system. CBR1, in particular, is comprised of 472, mostly nonpolar amino acids that fold into a secondary structure consisting of ten alpha helices and one beta pleated sheet forming a transmembrane domain. Binding to endogenous and exogenous ligands alike, CBR1 acts as an activator in a signal transduction pathway to aid in regulating many major bodily systems.
+K2 and other newly popularized drugs laced with synthetic cannabinoids, which mimic those found in marijuana, bind similarly to G-coupled receptors found throughout the body and nervous system. CB1, in particular, is comprised of 472, mostly nonpolar amino acids that fold into a secondary structure consisting of ten alpha helices and one beta pleated sheet forming a transmembrane domain. Binding to endogenous and exogenous ligands alike, CB1 acts as an activator in a signal transduction pathway to aid in regulating many major bodily systems.
 You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.
 ==History==
 First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a “natural incense” that is “not for human consumption”, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize.
-Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref> <ref name = "cardio">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />.  CB1R is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.
+Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700</ref> <ref name = "cardio">"The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." ''Narconon International''. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. </ref>. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />.  CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.
-Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1R receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia,  hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="cardio" /> (3,4). Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.
+Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1 receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia,  hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction <ref name="cardio" /> (3,4). Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.
 ==Structure==
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 </table>
-Secondary: The secondary structure of CB1 is made up of of ten <scene name='71/716602/Alpha_helices/1'>α-helices</scene> and one β-sheet. Of the ten α-helices, eight are roughly identical in size and align parallel to one another to form a typical transmembrane-type domain. The remaining two α-helices are shorter in length, run perpendicular to the other eight, and are located at one end of the receptor. On the opposite end of the receptor, an antiparallel β-sheet is located in the middle of the transmembrane domain formed by the eight parallel helices. While the structure overall has a low composition of polar amino acids, a large portion are located within this β-sheet, hinting at the role it may play in the function of the receptor.
+Secondary: The secondary structure of CB1 is made up of of ten α-helices and one β-sheet. Of the ten α-helices, eight are roughly identical in size and align parallel to one another to form a typical transmembrane-type domain. The remaining two α-helices are shorter in length, run perpendicular to the other eight, and are located at one end of the receptor. On the opposite end of the receptor, an antiparallel β-sheet is located in the middle of the transmembrane domain formed by the eight parallel helices. While the structure overall has a low composition of polar amino acids, a large portion are located within this β-sheet, hinting at the role it may play in the function of the receptor.
 <scene name='71/716602/Normal/1'>Initial Scene (Reset)</scene>
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 ==Pain Modulation==
-CB1 receptors are also highly expressed in areas of the nervous system involved with pain modulation, specifically in the dorsal root ganglia (5). This is one of the most well known function of CB1 receptors and is responsible for the pain reduction effects associated with THC.
+CB1 receptors are also highly expressed in areas of the nervous system involved with pain modulation, specifically in the dorsal root ganglia (5). This is one of the most well known functions of CB1 receptors and is responsible for the pain reduction effects associated with THC.
 ==Memory==
-CB1 receptors are also found in a high concentration in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a region of the brain involved with learning and memory (7). The relatively high density of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus is responsible for the memory-altering effects of THC and other cannabinoids (8).
+CB1 receptors are also highly concentrated in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a region of the brain involved with learning and memory (7). The relatively high density of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus is responsible for the memory-altering effects of THC and other cannabinoids (8).
 ==Motor Control==