Sandbox Reserved 988: Difference between revisions

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[[Image:Beta-lactam.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotic β-lactam antibiotic] ([http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin Penicillin])]]Clinically, [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotic β-lactam antibiotics], characterized by their central four-membered cyclic amide, are utilized to combat various bacterial infections.  This antibiotic class targets [http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Penicillin-binding_protein penicillin-binding proteins] (PBPs), also known as [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD-transpeptidase transpeptidase enzymes]. PBPs are enzymes that catalyze [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link cross-linking] between strands of the [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan peptidoglycan] layer of the bacterial cell wall. <ref>"Peptidoglycan cell wall." The University of Warwick. n.d. Web. 25 Jan 15</ref> This cross-linking process strengthens the cell wall and enables the bacteria to resist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure osmotic pressure] from its external environment.
[[Image:Beta-lactam.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotic β-lactam antibiotic] ([http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin Penicillin])]]Clinically, [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotic β-lactam antibiotics], characterized by their central four-membered cyclic amide, are utilized to combat various bacterial infections.  This antibiotic class targets [http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Penicillin-binding_protein penicillin-binding proteins] (PBPs), also known as [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD-transpeptidase transpeptidase enzymes]. PBPs are enzymes that catalyze [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link cross-linking] between strands of the [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan peptidoglycan] layer of the bacterial cell wall. <ref>"Peptidoglycan cell wall." The University of Warwick. n.d. Web. 25 Jan 15</ref> This cross-linking process strengthens the cell wall and enables the bacteria to resist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure osmotic pressure] from its external environment.


[[Image:Peptidoglycan_cross_linking.png|400px|thumb|center|Peptidoglycan with PBP Cross-linking Mechanism]]
[[Image:Peptidoglycan_cross_linking.png|400px|thumb|left|Peptidoglycan with PBP Cross-linking Mechanism]]


β-lactam antibiotics covalently link to PBPs, [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor inhibiting] them from cross-linking the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. The catalytic serine in the active site of a PBP performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of a β-lactam ring. The β-lactam cannot be removed and thus permanently renders the PBP incapable of its catalytic function. Ultimately, this results in death of bacterial cells from osmotic instability or [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysis_(biology) autolysis].<ref name="MSUDP 2014">
β-lactam antibiotics covalently link to PBPs, [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor inhibiting] them from cross-linking the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. The irreversible binding of the β-lactam antibiotic renders the PBP incapable of its catalytic function. This results in death of bacterial cells from osmotic instability or [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysis_(biology) autolysis].<ref name="MSUDP 2014">
Beta Lactam Antibiotics, 2011. Antimicrobial Resistance Learning Site. Michigan State University Department of Pharmacology. 16 Sept, 2014.
Beta Lactam Antibiotics, 2011. Antimicrobial Resistance Learning Site. Michigan State University Department of Pharmacology. 16 Sept, 2014.
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