Sandbox Reserved 1121: Difference between revisions

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== Function ==

CRP is involved in the ~~primary and~~ innate host defense. PC is present in teichoic acids, capsular carbohydrates, and lipopolysaccharides of bacteria and other micro-organisms. There are many ~~PC-expressing~~ micro-organisms such as ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Neisseria meningitides'' and ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'', ''Proteus morganii and Aspergillus fumigatus'' <ref name="Volanakis"/>. ~~It binds to~~ PC ~~located~~ on the ~~surface~~ of ~~pathogens bacteria that infected~~ the ~~organism. The resulting immune response is the phagocytosis of PC~~-~~expressing~~ bacteria ~~<ref name="agrawal"/>~~. ~~Moreover~~, ~~apoptic and necrotic cells which belong to the host organism can be treated by the CRP resulting in a restoration of function in targeted tissues <ref name="Volanakis"/>. The~~ CRP is ~~therefore part of the acute phase response~~ which ~~is a rapid concentration variation of plasma proteins~~ <ref name = "Alex">PMID: 12616974</ref>.

CRP is involved in the first line of innate host defense. Its main function is to clear bacterial pathogens and apoptotic and necrotic cells. In fact, CRP binds to PC located on the surface of pathogenic bacteria that infected the organism. The resulting immune response is the phagocytosis of PC-expressing bacteria <ref name="agrawal"/>. PC is present in teichoic acids, capsular carbohydrates, and lipopolysaccharides of bacteria and other micro-organisms. There are many micro-organisms that synthetize PC, such as ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Neisseria meningitides'' and ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'', ''Proteus morganii and Aspergillus fumigatus'' <ref name="Volanakis"/>.

~~When CRP is~~ bind to ~~a multivalent ligand,~~ C1q ~~is able to recognize it. This mechanism is initiated the C3 convertase assembly~~, which is an ~~enzyme involved in the innate~~ response. ~~Furthermore~~, ~~multiple pentamers~~ have ~~to be close to each other in order to realize this assembly~~ <ref name="~~Volanakis~~"/>.

Because the five PC-binding sites are on the face B of the pentamer, CRP binds with high probability to ligand-covered targets such as bacteria or other biological membranes. On its other face, CRP is able to recognize C1q or Fc receptors which have an inflammatory effect <ref name = "Alex">PMID: 12616974</ref>. Macrophages synthetize membrane C1q and Fc-receptors that will bind to the face A of CRP. C1q and Fc are opsonins, which means that they are molecules that enhance phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response. Therefore, they mark the targeted cell as an antigen. The macrophages have C1q and FC-binding site, they will therefore detect the marked cell and clear it <ref name = "Terheyden">PMID: 16023736</ref>.

== Biomedical consideration ==

Sandbox Reserved 1121: Difference between revisions

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 == Function ==
-CRP is involved in the primary and innate host defense. PC is present  in teichoic acids, capsular carbohydrates, and lipopolysaccharides of bacteria and other micro-organisms. There are many PC-expressing micro-organisms such as ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Neisseria meningitides'' and ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'', ''Proteus morganii and Aspergillus fumigatus''  <ref name="Volanakis"/>. It binds to PC located on the surface of pathogens bacteria that infected the organism. The resulting immune response is the phagocytosis of PC-expressing bacteria <ref name="agrawal"/>. Moreover, apoptic and necrotic cells which belong to the host organism can be treated by the CRP  resulting in a restoration of function in targeted tissues <ref name="Volanakis"/>. The CRP is therefore part of the acute phase response which is a rapid concentration variation of plasma proteins <ref name = "Alex">PMID: 12616974</ref>.
+CRP is involved in the first line of innate host defense. Its main function is to clear bacterial pathogens and apoptotic and necrotic cells. In fact, CRP binds to PC located on the surface of pathogenic bacteria that infected the organism. The resulting immune response is the phagocytosis of PC-expressing bacteria <ref name="agrawal"/>. PC is present  in teichoic acids, capsular carbohydrates, and lipopolysaccharides of bacteria and other micro-organisms. There are many micro-organisms that synthetize PC, such as ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Neisseria meningitides'' and ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'', ''Proteus morganii and Aspergillus fumigatus''  <ref name="Volanakis"/>.
-When CRP is bind to a multivalent ligand, C1q is able to recognize it. This mechanism is initiated the C3 convertase assembly, which is an enzyme involved in the innate response. Furthermore, multiple pentamers have to be close to each other in order to realize this assembly <ref name="Volanakis"/>.
+Because the five PC-binding sites are on the face B of the pentamer, CRP binds with high probability to ligand-covered targets such as bacteria or other biological membranes. On its other face, CRP is able to recognize C1q or Fc receptors which have an inflammatory effect <ref name = "Alex">PMID: 12616974</ref>. Macrophages synthetize membrane C1q and Fc-receptors that will bind to the face A of CRP. C1q and Fc are opsonins, which means that they are molecules that enhance phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response. Therefore, they mark the targeted cell as an antigen. The macrophages have C1q and FC-binding site, they will therefore detect the marked cell and clear it <ref name = "Terheyden">PMID: 16023736</ref>.
 == Biomedical consideration ==