Sandbox Reserved 1170: Difference between revisions

Human G-protein coupled receptor 40 (hGPR40), also known as free fatty acid 1 receptor (FFAR1), is a seven helical transmembrane domain receptor for long-chain free [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid fatty acids].<ref name="Srivastava">PMID:25043059</ref> Some known fatty acid substrates of hGPR40 include [http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Linoleic-Acid.aspx linoleic acid], [http://www.livestrong.com/article/438717-what-is-oleic-acid/ oleic acid], [http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/hmdb02925 eicosatrienoic acid], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitoleic_acid palmitoleic acid]<ref name="Morgan">PMID:19660440</ref>. This protein is primarily located in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_cell pancreatic β-cells] in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_islets islets of Langerhans], and as such, it has become a target for potential [http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/ Type 2 Diabetes treatments] because hGPR40 stimulates insulin secretion.<ref name="Kebede">PMID:22308370</ref> Type 2 diabetes is especially relevant because the cells have become desensitized to insulin and free fatty acids. Activation of hGPR40 stimulates insulin secretion and decreases extracellular glucose concentration.<ref name="Ma">PMID:26620255</ref> GPR40 is a member of a group of homologous [[GPCRs]] all located on chromosome 19q13.1 including GPCR41, 42, and 43.<ref name="Burant">PMID:23882043</ref> Evidence exists that shows GPCR43 is involved in adipogenesis. GPCR41 was also previously believed to participate in [http://jcs.biologists.org/content/124/16/2681 adipogenesis], but this was shown to be false.<ref name="Hong">PMID:16123168</ref>