Sandbox Reserved 1165: Difference between revisions

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==Glucagon Signaling Pathway==

Glucagon binds to a G protein-coupled receptor located on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane], and this binding induces a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_change conformational change]. that activates G proteins which exchanges a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate guanosine diphosphate (GDP]) for guanosine [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate triphosphate (GTP)] that is bound to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_alpha_subunit alpha subunit]. Now with the GTP in place, the activated alpha subunit leaves the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein heterotrimeric G protein] and activatesthe next [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme enzyme] in the cascade, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase adenylate cyclase]. Once adenylate cyclase is activated, it catalyzes the conversion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] into cyclic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)]. This in turn activates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A protein kinase A (PKA)] that then activates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase phosphorylase kinase]. Finally, the phosphorylase kinase [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation phosphorylates] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase glycogen phosphorylase b] that is then turned into its activated form, glycogen phosphorylase a. This phosphorylase A enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the release of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate] into the bloodstream from glycogen [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer polymers] (Figure 8).

[[Image:Glucagon_Pathway.png|(|):|400 px|center|thumb|'''Figure 8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon Glucagon ~~Signaling Pathway~~]''']]

Glucagon binds to the GCGR located on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane], and this binding induces a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_change conformational change]. This conformation change induces the active state of the protein. The active state of the protein exchanges a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate guanosine diphosphate (GDP]) for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate guanosine triphosphate (GTP)] that is bound to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_alpha_subunit alpha subunit]. With the GTP in place, the activated alpha subunit dissociates from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein heterotrimeric G protein's]beta and gamma subunits. Following dissociation, the alpha subunit can activate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase adenylate cyclase]. Activated adenylate cyclase, catalyzes the conversion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)]. cAMP then serves as a secondary messenger to activate through allosteric binding [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA)]. PKA activates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase phosphorylase b kinase]. Finally, the phosphorylase b kinase [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation phosphorylates] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase glycogen phosphorylase b] to become it's activated form, phosphorylase a. Phosphorylase a finally catalyzes the release of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate] into the bloodstream from glycogen [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer polymers] (Figure 8).

[[Image:Glucagon_Pathway.png|(|):|400 px|center|thumb|'''Figure 8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon Metabolic Regulation of Glycogen by Glucagon.]'''Depicted is the visualization of the glucagon signaling pathway through the GCGR. The release of the alpha subunit from the beta and gamma subunits is depicted here, as well as the enzyme cascade to result in the releasing of glucose. Abbreviations for the enzymes in the cascade include- PPK: phosphorylase kinase; PYG b: glycogen phosphorylase b; PYG a: glycogen phosphorylase a.]]

Sandbox Reserved 1165: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 ==Glucagon Signaling Pathway==
-Glucagon binds to a G protein-coupled receptor located on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane], and this binding induces a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_change conformational change].  that activates G proteins which exchanges a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate guanosine diphosphate (GDP]) for guanosine [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate triphosphate (GTP)] that is bound to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_alpha_subunit alpha subunit]. Now with the GTP in place, the activated alpha subunit leaves the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein heterotrimeric G protein] and activatesthe next [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme enzyme] in the cascade, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase adenylate cyclase]. Once adenylate cyclase is activated, it catalyzes the conversion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] into cyclic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)]. This in turn activates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A protein kinase A (PKA)] that then activates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase phosphorylase kinase]. Finally, the phosphorylase kinase [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation phosphorylates] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase glycogen phosphorylase b] that is then turned into its activated form, glycogen phosphorylase a. This phosphorylase A enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the release of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate] into the bloodstream from glycogen [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer polymers] (Figure 8).
-[[Image:Glucagon_Pathway.png|(|):|400 px|center|thumb|'''Figure 8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon Glucagon Signaling Pathway]''']]
+Glucagon binds to the GCGR located on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane], and this binding induces a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_change conformational change].  This conformation change induces the active state of the protein. The active state of the protein exchanges a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate guanosine diphosphate (GDP]) for  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate guanosine triphosphate (GTP)] that is bound to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_alpha_subunit alpha subunit]. With the GTP in place, the activated alpha subunit dissociates from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein heterotrimeric G protein's]beta and gamma subunits. Following dissociation, the alpha subunit can activate  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase adenylate cyclase]. Activated adenylate cyclase, catalyzes the conversion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)]. cAMP then serves as a secondary messenger to activate through allosteric binding [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA)]. PKA activates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase phosphorylase b kinase]. Finally, the phosphorylase b kinase [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation phosphorylates] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase glycogen phosphorylase b] to become it's activated form, phosphorylase a. Phosphorylase a finally catalyzes the release of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate] into the bloodstream from glycogen [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer polymers] (Figure 8).
+[[Image:Glucagon_Pathway.png|(|):|400 px|center|thumb|'''Figure 8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon Metabolic Regulation of Glycogen by Glucagon.]'''Depicted is the visualization of the glucagon signaling pathway through the GCGR. The release of the alpha subunit from the beta and gamma subunits is depicted here, as well as the enzyme cascade to result in the releasing of glucose. Abbreviations for the enzymes in the cascade include- PPK: phosphorylase kinase; PYG b: glycogen phosphorylase b; PYG a: glycogen phosphorylase a.]]