Sandbox WWC6: Difference between revisions

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== Function ==
== Function ==


Hemolysins are most commonly proteins found in red blood cells that selectively allow for the diffusion of potassium ions across the membrane. <ref >https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin#cite_note-pmid20692229-3</ref> or lipid biosurfactants that disrupt membrane composition resulting in cell lysis.  Hemolysins act through disruption of the cell membrane. <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273610002610</ref> Pore formation<ref name ="sod"/> is the olgomerization of the pore sunbunits within the membrane. The pore is quickly filled with water, ions, and small molecules that rapidly exit the cell, dissipating ionic gradients and membrane potential.  Osmotic pressure causes a rapid swelling of the cell, leading to total rupture of the membrane <ref>http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/hemolysin/<ref>.  These proteins are important for some erythrocyte nutrient accession, but cause massive erythrocyte destruction in bacterial infection, specifically responsible forhemolytic anemia, which causes fatigue, pain, arrythmias, and even heart failure in affected individuals.<ref>http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ha/</ref>
Hemolysins are most commonly proteins found in red blood cells that allow for the rapid release of small molecules and ions across the membrane. <ref >https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin#cite_note-pmid20692229-3</ref> or lipid biosurfactants that disrupt membrane composition resulting in cell lysis.  Hemolysins act through disruption of the cell membrane. <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273610002610</ref> Pore formation<ref name ="sod"/> is the olgomerization of the pore sunbunits within the membrane. The pore is quickly filled with water, ions, and small molecules that rapidly exit the cell, dissipating ionic gradients and membrane potential.  Osmotic pressure causes a rapid swelling of the cell, leading to total rupture of the membrane <ref>http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/hemolysin/<ref>.  These proteins are important for some erythrocyte nutrient accession, but cause massive erythrocyte destruction in bacterial infection, specifically responsible forhemolytic anemia, which causes fatigue, pain, arrythmias, and even heart failure in affected individuals.<ref>http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ha/</ref>




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==Pathogenic microorganisms==
==Pathogenic microorganisms==
Pore-forming toxins have been shown to closely relate to the pathogenicity of the toxin-producing organism <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1930675<ref> Both gram positive and gram negative bacteria are producers of hemolysins, as well as some clinically relevant fungi.  Toxin secretion facillitates the availability of water, ions, and small molecules like sugar for the secreting pathogen.  
Pore-forming toxins have been shown to closely relate to the pathogenicity of the toxin-producing organism <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1930675<ref> Both gram positive and gram negative bacteria are producers of hemolysins, as well as some clinically relevant fungi.  Toxin secretion facillitates the availability of water, ions, and small molecules like sugar for the secreting pathogen. Hemolysin producing pathogen are identified by their ability to lyse cells in vitro <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin<ref>
 
==Mechanism==
==Mechanism==


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==Medical Implications==
==Medical Implications==
Diseases caused by mutations in sodium channels can come in many forms. Some mutations affect skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle, while others affect neural function. Common diseases include long QT syndrome, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, myotonia fluctuans and myotonia permanens among many others. <ref name ="dis">http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/mother/chan.html#SCN4A</ref>


===Role in infection===
===Role in infection===
Hemolysin lysis of red blood cells is a marker for many kinds of pathogenic infection characterized by...
Hemolysin lysis of red blood cells is a marker for many kinds of pathogenic infection characterized by death of red blood cells.


===Oncology===
===Oncology===
This disease causes seizures, fainting or sudden death from cardiac arrhythmias and is caused my a mutation in the SCN5A gene, or the gene that encodes the NaV1.5 alpha subunit. <ref name ="QT">DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90359-3</ref><ref name ="Long">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/long-qt-syndrome/basics/definition/con-20025388</ref> It was found that this deletion includes residues 1505-1507 (KPQ).<ref name = "QT"/> These residues occur in the cytoplasmic linker between domain III and domain IV. <ref name = "QT"/>
Thermostable direct hemoslysin (TDH) is one type of hemolysin, secreted by ''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'', that may be linked to the down regulation of colo carcinoma cell proliferation <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030441651200116X<ref>
 
===Hemolytic anemia===
===Hemolytic anemia===
Hemolytic anemia occurs when lysis of red blood cells occurs are rates faster than they can be replaced by bone marrow. <ref>https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ha<ref>
Hemolytic anemia occurs when lysis of red blood cells occurs are rates faster than they can be replaced by bone marrow. <ref>https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ha<ref>
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