Sandbox454: Difference between revisions

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== Mechanism ==

~~Pembrolizumab works as a PD-1 pathway inhibitor. As an inhibitor it targets the cell death of PD-1 and blocks the immune checkpoint pathway. PD-1 is expressed on the surface of t-cells.~~ T-cells are ~~main components~~ of the immune response in the body. ~~The main ligands that interact with this receptor are~~ PD-L1 and PD-L2~~, which~~ are expressed by some tumors and inhibit t-cell function when bound to PD-1 <ref>doi 10.1007/s40265-016-0543-x</ref>. Pembrolizumab has a very high affinity to PD-1, allowing it to block the interaction between PD-1 with PD-L1 and PD-L2. It antagonizes the interaction between PD-1 and its known ligands, re-~~activating~~ anti-tumor immunity <ref>doi 10.1080/17425255.2016.1216976</ref>. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibits t-lymphocyte proliferation, releases cytokines and cytotoxicity, and exhausts tumor-specific t-cells. The inhibition of this pathway reverses the exhausted t-cell phenotype and normalizes the anti-tumor response. Pembrolizumab may cause inflammatory side effects <ref~~>DOI: 10.1038/srep35297<~~/~~ref~~>.

T-cells are a major component of the immune response in the human body. T-cells have the ability to recognize cancer-related antigens as nonself and eliminate those cells <ref>doi 10.2147/DDDT.S78036</ref>. PD-L1 and PD-L2 are ligands expressed by some tumors and inhibit t-cell function when bound to PD-1, which is located on the surface of antigen-specific t-cells <ref>doi 10.1007/s40265-016-0543-x</ref>. When PD-L1 is ligated to PD-1 an adaptive immune response is produced, and this allows cancer cells to bypass the immune surveillance and grow uncontrollably. Pembrolizumab is an FDA-approved treatment that works as a PD-1 pathway inhibitor to fight metastatic melanoma, a form of cancer. As an inhibitor, Pembrolizumab targets the cell death of PD-1 and blocks the immune checkpoint pathway. Pembrolizumab has a very high affinity to PD-1, allowing it to block the interaction between PD-1 with PD-L1 and PD-L2 very efficiently. It antagonizes the interaction between PD-1 and its known ligands, and re-activates anti-tumor immunity <ref>doi 10.1080/17425255.2016.1216976</ref>. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibits t-lymphocyte proliferation, releases cytokines and cytotoxicity, and exhausts tumor-specific t-cells. The inhibition of this pathway reverses the exhausted t-cell phenotype and normalizes the anti-tumor response. Pembrolizumab may cause inflammatory side effects <ref name="horita" />.

This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/1">color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/2">a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.

Sandbox454: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 == Mechanism ==
-Pembrolizumab works as a PD-1 pathway inhibitor. As an inhibitor it targets the cell death of PD-1 and blocks the immune checkpoint pathway. PD-1 is expressed on the surface of t-cells. T-cells are main components of the immune response in the body. The main ligands that interact with this receptor are PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are expressed by some tumors and inhibit t-cell function when bound to PD-1 <ref>doi 10.1007/s40265-016-0543-x</ref>. Pembrolizumab has a very high affinity to PD-1, allowing it to block the interaction between PD-1 with PD-L1 and PD-L2. It antagonizes the interaction between PD-1 and its known ligands, re-activating anti-tumor immunity <ref>doi 10.1080/17425255.2016.1216976</ref>. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibits t-lymphocyte proliferation, releases cytokines and cytotoxicity, and exhausts tumor-specific t-cells. The inhibition of this pathway reverses the exhausted t-cell phenotype and normalizes the anti-tumor response. Pembrolizumab may cause inflammatory side effects <ref>DOI: 10.1038/srep35297</ref>.
+T-cells are a major component of the immune response in the human body. T-cells have the ability to recognize cancer-related antigens as nonself and eliminate those cells <ref>doi  10.2147/DDDT.S78036</ref>. PD-L1 and PD-L2 are ligands expressed by some tumors and inhibit t-cell function when bound to PD-1, which is located on the surface of antigen-specific t-cells <ref>doi 10.1007/s40265-016-0543-x</ref>. When PD-L1 is ligated to PD-1 an adaptive immune response is produced, and this allows cancer cells to bypass the immune surveillance and grow uncontrollably. Pembrolizumab is an FDA-approved treatment that works as a PD-1 pathway inhibitor to fight metastatic melanoma, a form of cancer. As an inhibitor, Pembrolizumab targets the cell death of PD-1 and blocks the immune checkpoint pathway. Pembrolizumab has a very high affinity to PD-1, allowing it to block the interaction between PD-1 with PD-L1 and PD-L2 very efficiently. It antagonizes the interaction between PD-1 and its known ligands, and re-activates anti-tumor immunity <ref>doi 10.1080/17425255.2016.1216976</ref>. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibits t-lymphocyte proliferation, releases cytokines and cytotoxicity, and exhausts tumor-specific t-cells. The inhibition of this pathway reverses the exhausted t-cell phenotype and normalizes the anti-tumor response. Pembrolizumab may cause inflammatory side effects <ref name="horita" />.
 This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/1">color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/2">a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.