Zepatier: Difference between revisions

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Hepatitis C [http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm] is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver, decreasing liver functioning. Decrease in liver function can in turn cause renal dysfunction. First isolated by Michael Houghton in 1989, hepatitis C was discovered to encode a single polyprotein, a large protein that is later cleaved into smaller proteins. The resulting polyprotein contains 3,000 amino acids, later cleaved into 10 polypeptides. Polypeptides produced include p7 ion channel proteins, the core protein, glycoproteins envelope 1 (E1) and envelope 2 (E2), and nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS5A, and NS5B. The 5’ untranslated region of HCV is not capped, allowing it to fold into a complex secondary RNA structure hereby creating an internal ribosome entry site that is able to direct ribosomal subunits and cellular factors, and as a result, translation<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>. Development of cell culture based model systems have allowed for the study of the HCV lifecycle <ref>Chevaliez, S.; Pawlotsky, J. M. Virology of hepatitis C virus infection. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol.2012, 26, 381-389.</ref>.

HCV is transmitted exclusively through blood whereupon the virus travels to the hepatocytes of the liver to undergo rapid replication<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>. This results in the inflammation of the liver, leading to decreased function and/or liver failure. HCV induces an immune response within the infected individual which commonly fails to restrict the development of chronicity. Six distinct genotype of HCV were discovered, ~~genotypes~~ 1 is the most prevalent amongst populations and the most difficult to treat. Increased resistance of the virus at the M28, Q30, L31, or Y93 amino acids results in decreased effectiveness of pharmaceuticals against genotype 1. Genotype 1 results from the infection of human lymphoid cells by the virus. Genotype 4 has recently increased in prevalence, resulting in attempts to decrease transmission<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>.

HCV is transmitted exclusively through blood whereupon the virus travels to the hepatocytes of the liver to undergo rapid replication<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>. This results in the inflammation of the liver, leading to decreased function and/or liver failure. HCV induces an immune response within the infected individual which commonly fails to restrict the development of chronicity. Six distinct genotype of HCV were discovered, genotype 1 is the most prevalent amongst populations and the most difficult to treat. Increased resistance of the virus at the M28, Q30, L31, or Y93 amino acids results in decreased effectiveness of pharmaceuticals against genotype 1. Genotype 1 results from the infection of human lymphoid cells by the virus. Genotype 4 has recently increased in prevalence, resulting in attempts to decrease transmission<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>.

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 Hepatitis C [http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm] is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver, decreasing liver functioning. Decrease in liver function can in turn cause renal dysfunction. First isolated by Michael Houghton in 1989, hepatitis C was discovered to encode a single polyprotein, a large protein that is later cleaved into smaller proteins. The resulting polyprotein contains 3,000 amino acids, later cleaved into 10 polypeptides. Polypeptides produced include p7 ion channel proteins, the core protein, glycoproteins envelope 1 (E1) and envelope 2 (E2), and nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS5A, and NS5B. The 5’ untranslated region of HCV is not capped, allowing it to fold into a complex secondary RNA structure hereby creating an internal ribosome entry site that is able to direct ribosomal subunits and cellular factors, and as a result, translation<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>. Development of cell culture based model systems have allowed for the study of the HCV lifecycle <ref>Chevaliez, S.; Pawlotsky, J. M. Virology of hepatitis C virus infection. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol.2012, 26, 381-389.</ref>.
-HCV is transmitted exclusively through blood whereupon the virus travels to the hepatocytes of the liver to undergo rapid replication<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>. This results in the inflammation of the liver, leading to decreased function and/or liver failure. HCV induces an immune response within the infected individual which commonly fails to restrict the development of chronicity. Six distinct genotype of HCV were discovered, genotypes 1 is the most prevalent amongst populations and the most difficult to treat. Increased resistance of the virus at the M28, Q30, L31, or Y93 amino acids results in decreased effectiveness of pharmaceuticals against genotype 1. Genotype 1 results from the infection of human lymphoid cells by the virus. Genotype 4 has recently increased in prevalence, resulting in attempts to decrease transmission<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>.
+HCV is transmitted exclusively through blood whereupon the virus travels to the hepatocytes of the liver to undergo rapid replication<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>. This results in the inflammation of the liver, leading to decreased function and/or liver failure. HCV induces an immune response within the infected individual which commonly fails to restrict the development of chronicity. Six distinct genotype of HCV were discovered, genotype 1 is the most prevalent amongst populations and the most difficult to treat. Increased resistance of the virus at the M28, Q30, L31, or Y93 amino acids results in decreased effectiveness of pharmaceuticals against genotype 1. Genotype 1 results from the infection of human lymphoid cells by the virus. Genotype 4 has recently increased in prevalence, resulting in attempts to decrease transmission<ref>Tan, S.-L. Hepatitis C viruses: genomes and molecular biology; Horizon bioscience: Wymondham, 2006.</ref>.
 == Function ==